The Impact Of United States On America - 927 Words

Introduction For a long period, Americans have been trying to explore the benefits that have been since the individual States of America joined to form what currently known as United States of America. Although various ideas have been presented to support both sides of the story, I believe that the positive impacts that United States had on America outweigh the adverse effects. Political, cultural, social and technological advances that have witnessed in America over the centuries have contributed to the United States growth. This paper seeks to discuss the impacts that the United States had on the Americans from approximately 1880s to present. Effects of United States on the economy and cultural values of America? By considering the history of America, one can recognize that the formation of the United States in the 18th century marked the beginning of the economic prowess. That United State has been enjoying. In the 1880s, the economy of the United States grew extensively as the new states transformed from being rural agricultural lands to urban industrial giants. Most of the states established urban industries, and this made America the chief manufacturing country in the world. Railway lines set in several countries and this boomed the economy of America at large. United States has positively impacted the culture of some American people, but Negative effect Texas, Cuba, Mexico, and Guatemala was impacted because they were in the way of growth for the UnitedShow MoreRelatedThe United States And Its Impact On America Essay1488 Words   |  6 Pages19th century, there was a common belief that God had destined The United S tates to expand entirely across the North American continent, and eventually across the entire Western Hemisphere. They believed that what they were doing was justifiable, because they believed that God was telling them to do this. 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Regina V. G and Another Case Brief Free Essays

Case Title: Regina v. G and another (Appellants) (On Appeal form the Court of Appeal (Criminal Division)) Citation: [2003] UKHL 50 Procedural History (PH): The appellants were charged on 22nd August 2000; without lawful excuse damaged by fire; commercial premises and being reckless as to whether such property would be damaged. The appellants stood trial before Judge Maher in March 2001. We will write a custom essay sample on Regina V. G and Another Case Brief or any similar topic only for you Order Now The appellants’ case at trial was that they expected the fire to extinguish itself on the concrete. It was accepted that neither of them conceived that there was any risk of the fire spreading. At the start of the trial submissions were made on the meaning of â€Å"recklessness†. The judge ruled that he was bound to direct the jury in accordance with R v Caldwell . The Judge then directed the jury on the three matters he listed. The jury was unable to come to a decision on the same day but returned on another day and convicted the appellants. Upon receiving the verdict the judge adjourned the proceedings for a pre-sentence report. The judge made a one year supervision in the case of each appellant. Facts: On the night of 21st -22nd August 2000, the appellants, then aged 11 and 12 respectively went camping without the permission of their parents’, they entered the back yard of the Co-op Shop in Newport Pagnell. They lit some newspapers that they had found. Both defendants threw some lit newspaper under a large plastic wheelie-bin. The defendants left the yard before putting the fire to rest. As a result the newspapers caught fire to the first wheelie-bin which then spread to the other wheelie-bin then spread to the eave, guttering, fascia and the roof and eventually spread to the adjoining buildings. The damages approximated to a sum of 1million Pounds Sterling. Issues: 1. Did the defendant damage by fire the building and the commercial premises? 2. Would the risk created by the defendant been obvious to an ordinary, reasonable, bystander? 3. Had the defendant given any thought to the possibility of there being a risk in doing what he did? Judgment: The Appellants succeeded in having their conviction quashed. By the reasons given by Lord Bingham of Cornhill, with the support of Lord Browne-Wilkinson, Lord Steyn, Lord Hutton, and Lord Rodger of Earlsferry. Rule(s) of Law: 1. Did the defendant damage by fire the building and the commercial premises? The appellant did damage the building and commercial premises by fire. During the proceedings, the judge pointed out that there was no doubt in the appellants damaging the building and premises by fire. 2. Would the risk created by the defendant have been obvious to an ordinary, reasonable, bystander? It is accepted that the reasonable bystander is an adult with no particular expertise with the common knowledge and reasoning capabilities. The jury agreed that the reasonable bystander would have been able to foresee the possibility of the fire spreading. Thus the appellants were convicted under standing test . The jury was inclined to accept that intention could be shown by proof of reckless disregard of an act perceived by the reasonable man as a risk. 3. Had the defendant given any thought to the possibility of there being a risk in doing what he did? It was agreed on appeal that the boys did not foresee any risk of the fire spreading in the way it eventually did. Many leading academic writers on English criminal law have believe that the criminal law should punish people only for those consequences of their acts, which they foresaw at the relevant time. Supporting Argument: Actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea. Actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea translates to; the act does not make a person guilty unless the mind is also guilty. It is a constructive principle that conviction of serious crime should rely on evidence not merely that the defendant caused an detrimental effect to another but rather that his state of mind when so acting was blameworthy. Willingly disregarding an appreciated and unacceptable risk of causing a detrimental effect or a methodical and purposeful ignorant state of mind to such risk would also be considered blame worthy. In contrast it is not distinctively culpable to do something that encompasses the gamble of grievance to another in the event of one authentically not identifying the said gamble. Did the judge’s direction transgress the decision of the jury? It can be debated that since R v Caldwell the case at hand precisely outlines that Lord Diplock’s direction is capable of persuading evident unfairness. The trial judge admitted to the regret of his direction to the jury which transgressed the decision of the jury. The jury may have inferred that persons the same age of the appellants would have understood the risk involved however this was not their decision. However the jury thought it unfair to convict them. It is not considered moral or just to convict a defendant s a result of what another may have understood if the defendant had no such understanding himself. Was the interpretation of â€Å"recklessly† wrong? In section 1 of the Act, it was shown that the interpretation of â€Å"recklessly† to have been misleading. Had the misinterpretation not conflicted with any principle or had not intensified an injustice; the misinterpretation would not have had any impact, however it resulted in the opposite. Thus it is vital for the correction of the misinterpretation of â€Å"recklessly†. Losing Argument: Should the rule in R v Caldwell be modified? The modification would defy the principle that conviction depends on the mens rea of the defendant. If the principle was modified to accommodate children on the grounds of naivety it would be uncharacteristic if no modification was made to include the mentally handicapped on the grounds of their narrow ability of perception. Implementing modifications of this classification will encourage challenging and controversial debate with regard to the qualities and characteristics plausible for comparison. The implementation of this modification will replace one misinterpretation for another. Were the appellants reckless? A person is said to be reckless if knowing that there is a risk that an event may occur as a consequence of their conduct as defined by The Merriam Webster dictionary . A defendant is only considered to have acted recklessly by the advantage of their failure to give any thought to the risk or property damage that may have been apparent had they given any thought to the matter. Determining if a risk would have been apparent to the defendant is very unpredictable. The tribunal of fact should not acknowledge the defendant’s proclamation that it never occurred to them that there was risk of property damage providing that the conditions, prospects, and evidence point that the thought process must have crossed their mind. Obiter Dicta’ The meaning of â€Å"maliciously† It is understood by the court that use of the term ‘maliciously’ requires proof of intension. Malice necessitates an authentic objective to do a precise kind of destruction. The court accepts that â€Å"maliciously† introduces consciousness that an act may have the consequence of causing substantial impairment to some other person despite if the impa irment foreseen was reasonably minimal. How to cite Regina V. G and Another Case Brief, Essay examples

William Family According Genogram Provided â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The William Family According Genogram Provided? Answer: Introducation The structure of the William family according to the genogram provided above is explained here. Hannah Williams and Steven Williams are married to each other for 3 years since 2014. Before Steven, Hannah was married to Barry but their relationship ended followed by divorce. Billy 5 years old is the only son of Hannah and Barry and shares their joint custody. Recently, Hannah gave birth to a premature girl child conceived with Steven. Barry is in relationship with Jane and lives with Emily and Ronan, children of Jane from her previous relationship. Hannahs mother Marion lives with her and Hannahs father Sam lives with his new wife Ariel in Philippines. Stevens father, Henry died on last year, 2016. Henry was married to Mavis on 1978. According to The Australian Family Strengths Nursing Assessment Guide (AFSNAG), the two strengths that were found in the William family were sharing activities in order to support each other and acceptance of the situation (Gbur, 2013). These guides help the families to identify and develop their subsequent strengths to bring out positive changes in family functioning. These strengths were observed by the nurses by watching their behaviour or by asking questions to them. One of the strength in the William family was sharing the activities. This strength was evident from the behaviour of Steven as Hannah recently gave birth to a premature baby and she required some time to recover from the caesarean delivery. Therefore in order to provide a healthy orientation he planned to take his family to the local golf club for lunch because that would help them to meet new people as due to commitments in work place and moving to a new place they hardly met new friends. But he was bit concerned a bout the financial management in the coming six months as due to Hannahs pregnancy they hired a paid manager to look after her boutique business and thus he wanted Hannah to get back to her work as soon as possible. When Steven was asked about handling the crying baby in the morning, he replied that he got golf rounds in the morning and Hannah was accustomed to sort this problem as she experienced it earlier when her son Billy was a baby. Although he planned to help her in cooking after getting back home. The second strength was the acceptance of not resuming back into their sexual relationship. He anticipated the decision of not involving into any sexual relationship at that very moment as Hannah underwent a caesarean delivery recently. He believed that they will resume back to their sexual relationship within two week and things will be normalised. He even added up to the fact that as her wife was on leave from work, she would be able to take proper rest and relaxed. This would he lp them to get back to their normal sexual relationship. Nursing Care of the Family: Planning, Implementing and Evaluating The two challenges or issues faced by the William family were breastfeeding and transition to parenthood. The first issue is breastfeeding faced by both the baby and the mother. Several challenges are faced by the mother while breastfeeding (Rollins et al., 2016). The most common is latching the baby properly and improper latching leads to sore nipples in mother and insufficient milk to the baby (Holmes, 2013). Pinching pain in the nipple area if persists after four days implies improper latching of the baby. Another issue is the formation of tender lump in the breast area which suggests that the duct that connects the glands producing milk to the nipple is clogged. The concerned issue in case of Hannah in this study was taking extra help to breastfeed her baby as she underwent a caesarean delivery and needed time to recover her heal. It takes longer time for the milk to secrete in caesarean cases with problem in latching due to improper position of the other (Dahl, 2015). Postoperat ive pain is common in this cases which challenges the mothers from enjoying the first few days of motherhood. One of the issues faced in breastfeeding is the improper latching of the baby that can lead to soreness of the nipple and insufficient intake of the milk by the baby (Kent et al., 2015). Providing proper nursing management can solve the problem. The nurse in charge should recommend the mother to position her body properly in a relaxed state as this helps better flow of milk. A proper nursing station should be provided with a comforting chair having sufficient pillows to support and a peaceful environment. Secondly, the position of the baby should be maintained by holding the baby under the arm and closer to breast by supporting the babys neck with hand. In case of mother lying sideways, the baby should face towards the breast keeping the mouth at the nipple level. Then cupping the breast with fingers along with palm below and on top with thumb should be done. It should be ascertained that the baby sucks the milk from the areola inspite of the nipple. In order to avoid painful feeding from the breast, babys gum should grab a radius of one inch surrounding the nipple at the time of latching. Compressing the areola region of the breast successfully provides sufficient milk to the baby as the sinuses for milk are situated below the areola of the breasts (Simpson, 2017). One of the interventions related to successful breastfeeding in nursing health care is by supporting the mothers to breastfeed their babies (Renfrew et al., 2012). The initiation of the breastfeeding starts with proper skin contact between the mother and the baby. The encouragement of having unhurried contact of the mothers skin to their babies immediately after birth is one of the possible strategies. During this procedure, the physiological along with the emotional benefits about the skin contact should be made aware to the mothers. Making direct contact ok skin makes both the mother and the newborn baby calm by keeping the baby warm. The breathing rate and the heart rate are stabilised with facilitating increased hormonal release that initiates a new bond in the mother with the baby. The first breastfeeding starts immediately after the baby is born by initiating skin contact (Moore et al., 2012). With this procedure, both the mother and the newborn baby get alert towards each othe r. In some cases the baby develops an attachment with the breast with any assistance. During the first breastfeeding time, the care giver supports the mother in proper positioning of the body and helping in proper attachment. Successful breastfeeding can be obtained in three steps. With proper assistance and support breastfeeding occurs naturally and works fine with 99% mothers with their babies (Guyer, J Millward Berger, 2012). However, when the mother grows surrounding the bottle feeding, certain things about the breastfeeding should be known. Breastfeeding should be started early to starts early milk production so that if the baby is born immature, the mother will have to express breast milk (Meier et al., 2013). Secondly, the mothers should know that breastfeeding should not cause pinching sensation in their nipple or cause pain producing sore nipple. Lastly breastfeeding should be done whenever required in order to comfort the baby and assuring sufficient supply of milk (Beala feld, 2015). Breastfeeding is always surrounded with strong emotions both in the mother and the baby. Thus it is essential to encourage the mothers and the caregivers to understand how the baby can feel while breastfeeding. Both breast feeding and bottle feeding are accomplished by eye contact thereby increasing the emotional bond and intimate sensation between the mother and the infant (Brookes, Harvey Mullany, 2016). Another major challenge in family planning is the transition to parenthood. Mental satisfaction sometimes declines following the birth of a chid due to stresses in looking after the infant (Lutz et al., 2012). Apart from enjoying the parenthood, certain challenges impact the development of the child. Births occurring immediately after marriage play negative impact on the couple relationship leading to separation followed by divorce (Gottman, 2014). According to some research studies it has been found that women become more unsatisfied during the transition of motherhood in comparison to men (Mortensen et al., 2012). Women are found to be more vulnerable towards the challenges of parenthood as the workload increases with giving primary care to the baby along with other household works. Socioeconomic status also affects the women who left their jobs to experience motherhood struggle more in the transition period (Goldenberg Goldenberg, 2012). A little is known about the impact on pare nting due to disturbed sleep. The factor challenge that the couples face is the marital satisfaction such as thoughts about how their partner feels, affection, conflict in prenatal stage and withdrawal. Factors related to child such as child with temperament and always crying challenges the wellbeing in parenthood transition especially in fathers. One of the nursing goal to prevent the challenges in transition to parenthood is the supporting the parents for forming a parental bond with the new born (Cockcroft, 2012). The process through which the parents develop love and acceptance towards the child is called attachment. The bonding should be accomplished immediately by forming close contact with the baby in the few first hours of the birth both from mothers and fathers side (Dermott, 2014). Attachment is established by maintain a close proximity with the infant by whom the parents become acquainted with the baby and starts accepting the baby as the new member of the family. This process develops through positive feedbacks such as through socially, verbally with non verbal responses (Schaffer, 2013). The attachment is perceived by mutuality through the behaviour of the infant eliciting the behaviours of the parents. When the infant expresses signals such as through crying, cooing and sometimes smiling, these initiates the pare nts close to them. Following this behavioural signals other signals such as grasping with postural adjustments also maintains the attachment. Care givers are more attracted towards the infants who are alert and responsive but if the infant becomes irritable, the care givers repel themselves from the attachment process. Among many interventions in transition to parenthood, implementing the role of the parents after the birth of the newborn is one of them. The transition to parenthood is considered as a period of disequilibrium and sometimes a period of satisfaction in the mothers and their partners (Wolkoff, 2014). Some parents, specially the men think their spouse to be their only support and this transition brings a feeling of deprivation when their spouses are unable to provide that support. Emotions like feeling helpless, inadequate and anger when dealing with a crying infant makes many parents not ready to accept the transition. Fathers can undergo interventions in order to improve their relationship with their infants (Alio et al., 2013). Nurses can make arrangements to teach them about the infant care and provide necessary guidance regarding the acceptance of the transition to parenthood. Separate sessions of prenatal along with parenting classes and the groups that provide parenting support for the fathers can give them a chance to discuss about their concerns by meeting some of their demands. Making home visits by the nursing staffs includes assessment time to help adjust the need of the fathers. This intervention can successfully fulfil the gap between the fathers and the infant as they gets less time to spend with their new born baby to meet other demands. The effectiveness of this intervention is to build up a strong communication between the two and thereby granting delights by the response of the infants. It builds a sense of feeling proud and matured with increased self esteem (Liang, 2017). From the following study, it can be said that implementing this strategy towards Steven who recently became father can bring a positive inclination in his parenthood. When the nurse asked him how he would manage if woken up in the morning by the baby, he replied that as he got his golf session his wife would better handle the situation as she had experienced early parenthood . He even confirmed to spend with his family in the weekends if the baby does not cry. Interventions with thorough knowledge about parenthood would effectively build a positive response in Steven towards his infant. References: Alio, A. P., Lewis, C. A., Scarborough, K., Harris, K., Fiscella, K. (2013). A community perspective on the role of fathers during pregnancy: a qualitative study.BMC pregnancy and childbirth,13(1), 60. Bealafeld, L. (2015).Initiating skin-to-skin in the operating room: program planning, implementation, and evaluation(Doctoral dissertation, University of Pittsburgh). Brookes, G., Harvey, K., Mullany, L. (2016). 'Off to the best start'? A multimodal critique of breast and formula feeding health promotional discourse.Gender Language,10(3). Cockcroft, S. (2012). How can family centred care be improved to meet the needs of parents with a premature baby in neonatal intensive care?.Journal of Neonatal Nursing,18(3), 105-110. Dahl, L. (2015). Clinicians Guide to Breastfeeding. Dermott, E. (2014).Intimate fatherhood: A sociological analysis. Routledge. Gbur, M. (2013).Effects of Blackboard on the work-life balance of students and lecturers(Bachelor's thesis, University of Twente). Goldenberg, H., Goldenberg, I. (2012).Family therapy: An overview. Cengage Learning. Gottman, J. M. (2014).What predicts divorce?: The relationship between marital processes and marital outcomes. Psychology Press. Guyer, J., J Millward, L., Berger, I. (2012). Mothers' breastfeeding experiences and implications for professionals.British journal of midwifery,20(10). Holmes, A. V. (2013). Establishing successful breastfeeding in the newborn period.Pediatric Clinics,60(1), 147-168. Kent, J. C., Ashton, E., Hardwick, C. M., Rowan, M. K., Chia, E. S., Fairclough, K. A., ... Geddes, D. T. (2015). Nipple pain in breastfeeding mothers: incidence, causes and treatments.International journal of environmental research and public health,12(10), 12247-12263. Liang, H. (2017).Inside Out Parenting: How to Build Strong Children from a Core of Self-Esteem. Pan Macmillan. Lutz, K. F., Burnson, C., Hane, A., Samuelson, A., Maleck, S., Poehlmann, J. (2012). Parenting Stress, Social Support, and Mother?Child Interactions in Families of Multiple and Singleton Preterm Toddlers.Family relations,61(4), 642-656. Meier, P. P., Patel, A. L., Bigger, H. R., Rossman, B., Engstrom, J. L. (2013). Supporting breastfeeding in the neonatal intensive care unit.Pediatric Clinics,60(1), 209-226. Moore, E. R., Anderson, G. C., Bergman, N., Dowswell, T. (2012). Early skin-to-skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants.Cochrane Database Syst Rev,5(5). Mortensen, ., Torsheim, T., Melkevik, O., Thuen, F. (2012). Adding a baby to the equation. Married and cohabiting women's relationship satisfaction in the transition to parenthood.Family process,51(1), 122-139. Renfrew, M. J., McCormick, F. M., Wade, A., Quinn, B., Dowswell, T. (2012). Support for healthy breastfeeding mothers with healthy term babies.Cochrane Database Syst Rev,5(5). Rollins, N. C., Bhandari, N., Hajeebhoy, N., Horton, S., Lutter, C. K., Martines, J. C., ... Group, T. L. B. S. (2016). Why invest, and what it will take to improve breastfeeding practices?.The Lancet,387(10017), 491-504. Schaffer, R. (2013). Early social development.Becoming a Person,1(5). Simpson, A. C. (2017).Boost Your Breast Milk: An All-in-one Guide for Nursing Mothers to Build a Healthy Milk Supply. Workman Publishing. Wolkoff, S. R. (2014).Paternal Empathy: A Moderating Effect on Maternal Mood and Marital Satisfaction in the Transition to New Parenthood. Adelphi University, School of Social Work.

Section 1 Essays - Progressive Party, Muckraker, Literacy Test

13 Section 1 1. Looking Backward- Novel that made socialism seem like an attractive alternative to the current industrial society. Wobblies- Labor union made by Debs and De Leon. Ida Tarbell - Famous women muckraker. John Dewey- Argued that the value of government actions should be measured by the good they do. Oliver Wendell Holmes- Wrote that the law should not be an absolute set of principles but a tool to meet the needs of society. Muckrakers- Journalists who dug up the mud on a topic. 2. Social gospel- Theory that the church should work to improve society. Pragmatism- Approach to problem solvings that questioned the truth of science. 3. A. Corruption in city government. B. Corrupt business C. Child labor D. Racial discrimination E. Railroads domination of wheat farmers Section 2 1. Gallveston- Costal town that was hit by a massive big juicy hurricane. 17th ammendment- Gave women right to vote. Charles Evans Hughes- Lawyer who uncovered the bribery and huge salaries Payed to family members in the insurance industry. Upton Sinclair- wrote a book called The Jungle that uncovered the unsanitary conditions of the meat processing industry. Muller Vs Oregon- Case that argued that working long hours damaged a womens Health. John Spargo- Wrote a book that depicted the horrible working conditions in child labor. WCTU- Union formed by christian women to enforce temperance. 2. direct primary- Preliminary election where voters vote for who will run for office. Initiative- Allowed a group of citizens to introduce legislation. Referendum- Allowed approved legislation to be submittedto the voters for approval. Recall- Allowed voters to remove an official from office. 3. The food and drug administration, the WCTU and the muckrakers all helped the country become a better place by creating new and trying to enforce old laws to make the USA a less corrrupt and more sanitary place to live and work. Section 3 1. Plessy Vs Ferguson- Case in which the supreme court ruled that segregation was constitutional as long as separate facilities were equal. Booker T Washington- Founded the Tuskagee institute to teach blacks a vriety Of traits. W.E.B. Duboise- Editor of the NAACP's magazine called ?the crisis?. 2. literacy test- Test taken by immigrants to prove that they could read english. 3. Some progressive reforms worked to limit the political power of immigrants by working to get congress to establish laws that would require immigrants to take literacy tests in order to vote. Chapter 14 Section 1 1. Pierpont Morgan- Owned a banking firm that indirectly controlled the Anthracite mines. Expedition Act- Act that supported expeditions to conserve the natural resources. Forest Reserve Act- Act that more than tripled the amount of land set aside for national forests. Hepburn Act- Act that abolished the free pass that the railroad corporations granted to politicians and other important people. Square Deal- A belief that all people have an equal opportunity to succeed through strong personal ethics. 2. Conservation- The planned preservation of natural resources to prevent destruction or neglect. 3. Roosevelt preferred regulation to trust busting because regulations left the honest companies alone and trust busting did nothing to prevent monopolies. Section 2 1. Payne Aldrich Tariff- Tariff that contained high duties on iron ore, coal, and Coal. Richard Ballinger- Reopened for private purchase some of the lands withdrawn while Roosevelt was president. Joeseph Cannon- Anti conservationist who used his power to delay national parks. New Nationalism- A new set of policies declared by roosevelt. The Insurgents- A group of progressive republicans. 2. income tax- Taxes on the income of citizens. 3. A. He didn't want to be president B. He didn't dramatize issues to gain the public's support. Section 3 1. Bull Moose Party- A nickname for the progressive party. New Freedom- Philosophy that viewed monopolies as enemies of free competition. 2. Inheritance Act- Tax on a persons inheritance. 3. Roosevelt left the republican party and formed the progressive party because the progressive party demanded reform and a visible government, rather than an invisible government and a country ran by buisness. Section 4 1. Underwood tariff- Represented the first substantial drop on import duties since 1857. Federal Reserve board- Had over all power of federal banks. Federal trade commision- Commission that regulated and investagated business practices. 2. Rediscount- A small fee paid to the federal reserve by other banks. Price cutting- Where a company deliberatley sells goods at a loss to eliminate competition. Interlocking directorate- Where the same people direct

Free Essays on Judaism

Judaism Judaism first appeared in or around 587 B.C.E., in the Egyptian/Mesopotamian region. Judaism made its start as â€Å"Yahwehism†, the religion of the Israelites. In contrast with modern day Judaism, you can find many similarities, yet there are some major differences. The Israelites were not monotheists, rather they were henotheists, believing in the existence of other gods, but only worshipping one. Most Jews today are strict monotheists, believing in the existence of only one god. The Israelites also only studied and followed the Book of Deuteronomy. Jews today generally follow many of the twenty-four books that make up the Tanak The Pharisees and the Sadducees, though both considered Biblical Judaism, differ in several ways. The Pharisees sometimes called the â€Å"Separate Ones†, follow the Torah and believe in the â€Å"Messiah†. The Pharisees also believe in the â€Å"Final Judgement† and â€Å"resurrection of the dead†. After this final judgement, those who were of good faith and had atonement will go on to â€Å"Paradise†, yet those who were evil will go on to â€Å"Gehenna† or hell. The Sadducees on the other hand, do not believe in any sort of afterlife. For the Sadducees there is no â€Å"Final Judgement†, no Messiah and no resurrections. Around 70 C.E., the Israelites who had been practicing Judaism under Roman rule came under heavy speculation. The Roman’s had placed taxes on Jews and taken money from Jewish temples and this created an outrage. Many Jews began a revolt and after much bloodshed and warfare, the Roman’s overtook the Jews and destroyed a Jerusalem temple. In about 130 C.E., the Roman’s exiled the Jews from Jerusalem. The Kabbalah is a more mystical and mysterious study of Judaism. In one of the writings of the Kabbalah, you find something similar to mathematical equations, which are used for deciphering scriptures. Also when studying the Kabbalah, the focus is placed on the powers of th... Free Essays on Judaism Free Essays on Judaism Judaism, Christianity, Islam and the Baha'i faith all originated with a divine covenant between the God of the ancient Israelites and Abraham around 2000 BCE. The next leader of the Israelites, Moses, led his people out of captivity in Egypt and received the Law from God. Joshua later led them into the Promised Land where Samuel established the Israelite kingdom with Saul as its first king. King David established Jerusalem and King Solomon built the first temple there. In 70 CE the temple was destroyed and the Jews were scattered throughout the world until 1948 when the state of Israel was formed. Jews believe in one creator who alone is to be worshipped as absolute ruler of the universe. He monitors people's activities and rewards good deeds and punishes evil. The Torah was revealed to Moses by God and can not be changed though God does communicate with the Jewish people through prophets. Jews believe in the inherent goodness of the world and its inhabitants as creations of God and do not require a savior to save them from original sin. They believe they are God's chosen people and that the Messiah will arrive in the future, gather them into Israel, there will be a general resurrection of the dead, and the Jerusalem Temple destroyed in 70 CE will be rebuilt. Judaism is the complex expression of a religious and ethnic community, a way of life as well as a set of basic beliefs and values, which is discerned in patterns of action, social order, and culture as well as in religious statements and concepts. The ideal is to remember God in everything one does, through prayer and keeping the commandments. There are many spiritual practices that the Jewish follows as a remainder of their faith and as a way to engage all the senses in awareness of God. Some of these scared practices include: circumcision, Sabbath, eating kosher foods, and Bar Mitzvah. Of all of the commandments in Judaism, the brit milah (literally, Covenant of Circumcision) ... Free Essays on Judaism Judaism Judaism’s origin reflects the myth of history. Judaism is based on the Old Testament, which is common in all bibles used throughout many forms of Christianity as well as Judaism. The Old Testament is full of stories that deliver powerful messages of how the world was created. In Judaism, God is the divine storyteller in the history of the creation story. Adam and Eve were the first living things created. After they ate forbidden fruit, they were banned from the Garden of Eden. As punishment for disobeying God, he sent a terrible flood in which Noah gathered all of the animals in a magnificent arc to save them. Another story was when God sent Moses to free the Jews from slavery. The book of Exodus is another great story of Judaism history. In this book, Moses led his people out of Egypt and received the covenant at Mt Sinai. The Jews roamed the desert for forty years and didn’t find the Promised Land until Moses died. For two hundred years, they didn’t have a solid form of government. The Jews realized they needed a king with an army to defend their nation. God then appointed Saul as the first king of Israel. The formative era followed the biblical era. The destruction of the temple occurred in 70 CE. The Pharisees survived through this and provided new leadership. They wanted to change the priestly model into something that would allow them to practice Judaism in a new land. The Pharisees said that all of the men of the house were priests and the table was the altar. This was the transition from the written torah to the oral tradition. This new priestly tradition established rules that focused on acts of mercy and justice. Rabbinic Judaism emerged between the second and fifth century and the oral torah was written in to what became known as the Talmud. Hillel and Shammai both were teachers of the oral torah. The applied their teachings to everyday life but Shammai’s teachings were much stric... Free Essays on Judaism Judaism Judaism first appeared in or around 587 B.C.E., in the Egyptian/Mesopotamian region. Judaism made its start as â€Å"Yahwehism†, the religion of the Israelites. In contrast with modern day Judaism, you can find many similarities, yet there are some major differences. The Israelites were not monotheists, rather they were henotheists, believing in the existence of other gods, but only worshipping one. Most Jews today are strict monotheists, believing in the existence of only one god. The Israelites also only studied and followed the Book of Deuteronomy. Jews today generally follow many of the twenty-four books that make up the Tanak The Pharisees and the Sadducees, though both considered Biblical Judaism, differ in several ways. The Pharisees sometimes called the â€Å"Separate Ones†, follow the Torah and believe in the â€Å"Messiah†. The Pharisees also believe in the â€Å"Final Judgement† and â€Å"resurrection of the dead†. After this final judgement, those who were of good faith and had atonement will go on to â€Å"Paradise†, yet those who were evil will go on to â€Å"Gehenna† or hell. The Sadducees on the other hand, do not believe in any sort of afterlife. For the Sadducees there is no â€Å"Final Judgement†, no Messiah and no resurrections. Around 70 C.E., the Israelites who had been practicing Judaism under Roman rule came under heavy speculation. The Roman’s had placed taxes on Jews and taken money from Jewish temples and this created an outrage. Many Jews began a revolt and after much bloodshed and warfare, the Roman’s overtook the Jews and destroyed a Jerusalem temple. In about 130 C.E., the Roman’s exiled the Jews from Jerusalem. The Kabbalah is a more mystical and mysterious study of Judaism. In one of the writings of the Kabbalah, you find something similar to mathematical equations, which are used for deciphering scriptures. Also when studying the Kabbalah, the focus is placed on the powers of th...

Analyse the dramatic effectiveness in Act 3, Scene 5 Essay Example for Free (#3)

Analyse the dramatic effectiveness in Act 3, Scene 5 Essay Drama (623) , Romeo and Juliet (446) , Capulet (321) , Lady Capulet (110) , County Paris (19) , Juliet (12) company About StudyMoose Contact Careers Help Center Donate a Paper Legal Terms & Conditions Privacy Policy Complaints Looking closely at the characters and language in Romeo and Juliet, analyse the dramatic effectiveness in Act 3, Scene 5 William Shakespeare wrote â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† in 1954, although the basic plot can be traced back as early as the third century. In the play, Shakespeare relies heavily on the poem â€Å"The Tragicall History of Romeus and Juliet† by Arthur Brooke. Most of the people in the Elizabethan era were perceptive enough to concentrate on how the play was being performed and engaged themselves in the language the characters were using. Shakespeare’s audiences had different expectations towards his play, as many of them recognised the story already, they were settled enough to watch it providing the dramatist’s interpretation proved to be unique and original. I have been looking closely at Act 3, Scene 5 where Romeo and Juliet have just been secretly married. The scene opens with the two lovers having to part quickly after the Nurse informs Juliet her mother is swiftly approaching. Already a dramatic atmosphere is created, the audience is almost waiting for Romeo and Juliet to be caught out, this they know can simply not happen. Juliet is understandably tearful; Romeo is sympathetic towards her, showing he really cares for her: â€Å"I will omit no opportunity That will convey my greetings, love, to thee† All this is in comparison to later scenes in the play showing Juliet solitary and unsupported. Between the two lovers, there is a great difference, Romeo appears more optimistic than Juliet who is full of fear, sensing premonitions of her next seeing Romeo dead in a tomb. Her premonitions affect the audience, making them apprehensive and tense: â€Å"O God, I have an ill- divining soul! Methinks I see thee, now thou art so low As one dead in the bottom of a tomb. † The audience hears these harsh, severe words and are reminded of Romeo’s earlier startling premonition that he would die young: â€Å"†¦. My mind misgives Some consequence not yet hanging in the stars†¦.. By come vile forfeit of untimely death. † A chilling effect is created on those viewing the play as they start to realise and understand the significance of the two premonitions. By looking back into earlier scenes, dramatic effectiveness is created. Juliet uses language that shows how she is fearful of how her life with Romeo could easily be destroyed. She speaks to him strongly, showing a strong contrast to her soft words used previously. The strong bond that has been created between the two lovers before the audience’s eyes is momentarily going to be destroyed; tension is created as an aftermath of this feeling. This tension carries on and becomes hugely greater as the news of County Paris’ proposal is first heard of. The audience watch, already aware of the proposal, as the news is given to an extremely shocked Juliet. They wait anxiously for Juliet’s sake as she learns of it, and so a dramatic effectiveness is cast over them. The scene is made effective by the use of irony from Lady Capulet. As Lady Capulet refers to her â€Å"joyful tidings† and Juliet’s response is ironically a pleased one: â€Å"And joy comes well in such a needy time† But then the audience sees the real reason of Lady Capulet’s announcement and the hesitation of the crucial words proves to be highly dramatic, â€Å"Shall happily make thee there a joyful bride† Juliet’s intense anger would make great drama on stage, she shows her raging reaction well: â€Å"Now by Saint Peter’s church and Peter too He shall not make me there a joyful bride! † Juliet’s response shows exactly how she is feeling about the matter; she does not hold back at all. The audience knows the dilemma she is facing, one of bigamy, they are deeply involved and show much needed sympathy to Juliet. In the conversation that follows the cold and sharp language both Juliet and her mother used are very effective. Both sides address each other very formally, Juliet calling Lady Capulet, â€Å"My Lady†, â€Å"Mother† where Lady Capulet calls Juliet â€Å"girl† and â€Å"child†. This doesn’t seem to be the language one would expect from a close knit and loving family. This could lead to the conclusion that Juliet’s relationship is far from the relationship she has with Romeo; a loving and stable one. When Lord Capulet enters Juliet’s room, it proves to be a significantly dramatic scene because of the violence and fury portrayed by Lord Capulet. He arrives in her room in a threatening manner; his wife shows fear warning us to expect the worst, â€Å"Here comes your father. Tell him so yourself And see how he will take it at your hands. † Lord Capulet does not expect Juliet to disobey him, he would simply expect grateful thanks and obedience from his daughter. He portrays himself as someone who is used to getting his own way and the way that he regards himself as royalty emphasises to his huge ego and elevated formal language,†Have you delivered to our decree? † He shows great enthusiasm as he enters Juliet’s room, he seems delighted with his plan and congratulates himself on stage. Being the only man on stage, he is showing domination and the audience can see that he likes to be in control. He makes the women afraid; his centre role on stage shows this. The language that he uses is indeed very dramatic and effective. He poses questions to Juliet, being sharp and short when he does so showing how bewildered he is, and he vociferously attacks his daughter overwhelming her with numerous with numerous questions which she does not have time to answer, â€Å"How? Will she none? Doth she not give us thanks? † Capulet’s sentence construction is cleverly disjointed emphasising greatly on his anger that is building up rapidly. He shows more of an interest in finding a way to answer Juliet’s questions and his concern is more about his cleverness than the distress of his only daughter. He uses aggressive terms to Juliet, † you greensickness carrion†, † young baggage†, both examples are very aggressive and devegiating. Analyse the dramatic effectiveness in Act 3, Scene 5. (2017, Aug 29). We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you

Goodwill Impairment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Goodwill Impairment - Research Paper Example However, there are several noticeable differences in the two accounting approaches as listed below: In the context of allocation of Goodwill, allocation is done to an operating unit in case of U.S. GAAP. In IFRS language, its allotment is done to a small group of assets that generates flow of cash and such unit has to be smaller than the operating segment of a company. In the context of the recognition of the loss of impairment, the US GAAP considers such a case if the implied fair value exceeds the amount for carrying of a particular reporting unit and the amount for carrying of the goodwill (Alexander & Britton, 2004). It is a two step approach. On the other hand, in case of IFRS, which follows a one step approach, weigh cash generating unit’s amount carried against the amount that can be recovered. Impairment of loss is spotted when the former is greater than the latter. In US GAAP parlance, the loss of impairment is the amount of difference between the carried amount of go odwill and the reporting unit’s fair value that is implied. In terms of IFRS, it is the amount the former exceeds the amount that can be recovered. The loss thus arisen would be provisioned for Goodwill impairment until the latter is zero. Pros and cons of measuring Goodwill Impairment The measurement of goodwill has several positives aspects to it. If the process is undertaken with precision and accuracy, it will provide helpful information about the net worth for the investors of the company. If the financial information is overstated then it provides a wrong idea about the future to the manager across other departments and hence they would take wrong decisions. Hence an accurate measurement would help the other departments as well. The disadvantages of measurement is that if there is too much goodwill for a company to write off then it sends a negative impression to the investor about the management that they have records of taking wrong decisions. Often the determination of the fair value of goodwill is not disclosed by the company and hence there is ample scope for manipulation which can have its effect on the bottom line. There are various models that can be used for measuring of goodwill impairment and there is difference in opinion among expects regarding which method is to be taken. Hence depending on the method the value could vary. There is also another problem of separation of goodwill at the time of acquisition of a company and the total value of goodwill post acquisition. How convergence should work and why Though having several basic differences, the IASB and FASB should aim at convergence of the two standards with an aim to achieve a superior global standard of accounting. Both of them should work in harmony in areas like insurance and financial instruments. The reversal of the loss of impairment is prohibited in both U.S.GAAP and IFRS. In areas of offsetting of balance sheet they could not be of the same opinion. However they achieved s uccessful convergence in areas like disclosure norms which would help them in the reconciliation of the differences in requirements for offsetting. Convergence is necessary for Unites States as well as the world because it would affect areas of leasing and revenue as well. The American Companies also need to look upon certain issues relating to it. For example, some nations have already adopted the IFRS standards and the subsidiaries of the MNCs that are there in those countries have to

Strategic Management Master Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Strategic Management Master - Case Study Example The history of Toyota is indeed remarkable in that it has ventured into manufacturing of small cars in a big way. It has introduced new car making technology by mass producing hybrid gas electric vehicles with a capacity of 1 million globally. During the year 2005, Toyota has produced 8.5 Million vehicles and has a large market share. Toyota now claims to be the 8th largest car manufacturing company in the world. However one of the fact remains that it has not been able to make much inroads in the European markets. The success story of Toyota lies in its use of scientific systems and procedures for car making .Through the use of Kaisen, which entails efficiency and optimum work effort, and is basically designed for improving efficiency. Lean management which is based on developing managers who are problem solvers is based on serving customers and heightened level of performance attainment. Lean Management is a total holistic concept which is designed to attain efficiencies in all spheres of car making through the use of waste elimination. The basic theme of Toyota Production System (TPS) is to achieve operational excellence and instil an organisational culture that values and respects people and nurture and develop their creative abilities. The stage is set for small cars, to come in a big way, in the international arena, fuelled by mounting fuel costs and strong pollution laws. It is widely believed that in the next 5 years, the global demand for small cars would grow by nearly 30%, averaging nearly 18 Million (Schifferes 2007). The major players who manufacture and sell small cars are Indian brands like Tata, Maruthi, Renault, Fiat, Peugot, Daewoo (GM), Hyundai and Daihatsu. The fact remains that the almost prohibitive costs of fossil fuels and stringent pollution norms have become a severe deterrent for automakers. It has therefore become essential to seek ways and means for finding out cheaper and clean, fuel efficient alternatives. Toyota could rightly claim to have established brand leadership in hybrid cars and has surged ahead of even Ford and General Motors (GM). However, the spread of alternative technology involves large investments and technological barriers. However, the full scale development and product implementation of advanced fuel alternatives is an expensive and time-consuming matter and may take around a decade for its final development. "But in the long run, no major car company doubts that ethanol, diesel, electric, hybrid and even hydrogen-powered vehicles will become more important in the future." (Schifferes 2007). The present day automotive industry is going through a total and thorough change in its production methods. It has now become necessary for scientific techniques, principally based on lean management, aimed at reducing the costs of making small cars, and also making it easier for automakers to shift their production patterns to match customer preferences and tastes over a period of time. This is also one of the principle reasons why Toyota has overtaken GM as the most powerful automaker in the higher efficient production system (Globalization). During the middle of the 20th Century, the American automaker GM dominated the US car markets with 100 % share. But now, at the beginning of the 21st century, its market share has come down to 52% with Japanese and European carmakers at 43% and 5% respectively.

Impact Hammurabis Code of Laws and Egyptians Be Human Essay Example for Free

Impact Hammurabis Code of Laws and Egyptians Be Human Essay Select a minimum of TWO [2] primary-source documents [easier if a contrast] from the list on Blackboard HICC 101 course package as a basis to answer the central questions listed below. In other words, answer the question using evidence from what the authors at the time thought about these issues. Always clearly state your idea first, and then quote from the source. REMEMBER: the term â€Å"quote† should be restricted to a verb form. You are quoting the text, but if you refer to the text, don’t say â€Å"In this quote†; refer to the â€Å"statement† or â€Å"text. † All quotations from the primary sources must state the author’s last name (or title of book) and page number in parentheses directly following the quote. You will need to quote the most significant passages in order to support your claims. Keep the length of all quotations to a minimum, and make certain that you interpret and point out the meaning of the text [texts are never obvious]. Quote only what you can explain: quotations are only evidence for the points you already make! In order to reflect on a document you will have to quote it several times. Never quote your professor or class notes; they only teach you the material so you can find evidence in published texts, like your text book, which you can choose to quote in a limited way, but is not necessary. This assignment is your analysis of the primary sources (thus: never begin or end a paragraph with a quotation), and always interpret and explain the quotation in light of the idea that you have made. A good paragraph (in a nut shell) has one central idea, the idea is explained, then evidence is suggested (quote), then interpretation, then conclusion of the idea. Primary Source paper #1 reflect on any of the material in Units I, II, III. Central Question: How did civilizations in the ancient world view humanity? What did it mean to be human? Compare and contrast at least two different civilizations (i.e. Mesopotamian, Hebrew, Greek, or Roman). Primary Source paper #2 reflect on any of the material in Units IV, V. Central Question: How did Christians in the European West [AD 200-1600] develop the Catholic intellectual tradition? How did they balance the wisdom from Greco-Roman thought with Christian theology, and what balance was developed between faith and reason? Compare and contrast an author from the early medieval period (any Christian thinkers before 1000 AD) with an author from the high Middle Ages or Renaissance period (after 1000 AD). Primary Source paper #3 reflect on any of the material in Units VI on China. Central question: What did Chinese authors [1500 BC- AD 220] think was necessary to forge a more just society for the common good? Compare and contrast two different authors. You may refer to some of the authors in Units I-V to compare and contrast, but most of the paper should be reflecting on Chinese authors

Mumia Abu Jamal Essay -- essays research papers

America, the land of the free, the land of the just. It is here, where paople from all over the world can come for refuge from tyranny. Here, people are not judged by their color, but by who they are. Too bad it isn't true, for what you are about to read will contradict everything that America is supposed to be. Mumia Abu Jamal, a former Philadelphia journalist, was put through an unfair and biased trial, then convicted of murdering a Philadelphia cop in 1982, and has been on death row since. And here is his story. "My name is Mumia Abu-Jamal ... I've been on death row since July of 1982 - in fact, I've been on several death rows in Pennsylvania, in the United States of America. Despite my penal status I'm a writer, a journalist, a columnist, and a professional revolutionary." -- Mumia Abu-Jamal (Wideman 107) Born 24 April 1954 Wesley Cook, Mumia Abu-Jamal, author, journalist and inmate of death row, is one of America's most powerful outspoken voices against injustice. Seen by the State as a dangerous revolutionary who must be silenced, he has been incarcerated for the last seventeen years. (West 2) Mumia Abu-Jamal was born in Philadelphia where he grew up. The name Mumia was given in High School, when he took an African name for his Swahili studies. The Arabic, Abu-Jamal, meaning Father of Jamal, came later. (West 5) Mumia's first introduction to politics was in his teens when he and a few friends attended a George Wallace presidential rally. They shouted slogans and raised their fists in a black power salute. To their relief they were thrown out, but their relief was short lived when they were set upon outside by a gang of white thugs. Rescue seemed at hand when the police were spotted, but their 'rescuers' joined in the assault, kicking and beating. Mumia was kicked in the face. (West 13) Mumia became a founding member of the Black Panther Party in Philadelphia and Minister of Information (fall 1968). Mumia filed reports from New York and other cities, but was mainly based in Philadelphia. For a time he worked in Oakland, California, on the staff of the party's newspaper. The Black Panthers were to give Mumia a good grounding in radical politics and it was where he cut his teeth as a journalist. When the Panthers began to tear themselves apart, Mumia left. (West 34) Mumia Abu-Jamal: "The prospe... ...p; West, Cornel. Death Blossoms : Reflections from a Prisoner of Consience. New York: Plough Pub House Publishing, 1997 "Mobilazation to Free Mumia Abu-Jamal." The Crime Scene. Website. Online. Internet. Available: www: http://www.freemumia.org/mumia_files/scene "Mobilazation to Free Mumia Abu-Jamal." The Trial. Website. Online. Internet. Available: www: http://www.freemumia.org/mumia_files/trial "Mobilazation to Free Mumia Abu-Jamal." The FOP and Their Lies. Online. Internet. Available: www: http://www.freemumia.org/mumia_files/fop "Mobilazation to Free Mumia Abu-Jamal." The Witnesses. Online. Internet. Available: www: http://www.freemumia.org/mumia_files/witnesses "Mobilazation to Free Mumia Abu-Jamal." Judge Sabo. Online. Internet. Available: www: http://www.freemumia.org/mumia_files/sabo "Mobilazation to Free Mumia Abu-Jamal." Support for Mumia. Online. Internet. Available: www: http://www.freemumia.org/mumia_files/support

Manufacturing

Information System Implementation Case Study Analysis Introduction: PacSci has been a successful medium size aerospace/defense company. It has been in business since 19760s. (1) The company has very good reputation in price and quality. However, it always has problem with OTD (on time delivery). Ten years ago, the OTD problem was not an issue, because there weren’t too many competitions. But in the last few years, due to stiffer competitions, OTD has become a big issue and been hurting the company’s sales.And lots of loyal customers slowly turned to its competitors. Causes: Several problems contributed to OTD have been identified by the management of the company. The first one they identified was the failure to recognize the lead times of the raw materials. The purchasing department always had to order materials at the minute when the parts in the stock room were almost empty. The company had to pay extra to expedite their orders, which drove the company’s operat ing cost high.Notification between Stock room personnel and purchasing department was not automated. And the receiving department didn’t notify the stock room when they received raw materials packages. Another one was no automated process in place across the company, too many manual entered communications between departments. Some sales men made unrealistic delivery date to customers because they couldn’t access older sales order information.The engineering projects took too long to be transferred to Manufacturing because of lack of project management. Lastly, the manufacturing department still relied on too many manual labor steps in manufacturing process. (2) Implementation: The management decided to implement Microsoft ERP across the whole company to stream line their Supply Chain Processes so that the inventory control can be managed, and the purchasing department can order the raw materials when they see orders come in, receive automatic notifications from stock r ooms.The shipping and receiving department now can notify the stock room when they receive raw materials and parts right away through emails triggered by ERP. Sales men can inform the customers the shipping status and the exact delivery date based on the manufacturing time, and can reach out to customers based on the customer’s order activities. And also management cuts down operational costs by implementing automatic manufacturing steps to replace time consuming manual labor steps, so that the product line process time and labor cost can be managed.Now, after implementation of Microsoft ERP, all of engineering projects can be properly managed and monitored in Microsoft ERP by management, and transferred to manufacturing after they pass manufacturing readiness phase in a timely fashion. Conclusion: After Implementing Microsoft ERP, it has helped PacSci improve its inventory, decrease the operating cost, achieve over 90% OTD. Since the improvement in its supply chain and OTD, the relationships with customers have also improved.New products from engineering department can be properly managed and transferred to manufacturing according the schedules in ERP. More and more of those lost customers slowly return to PacSci for business. Sales department can identify the customers’ order behaviors and predict better market trends, and provide better customer service. And the company’s purchasing departments also negotiate with suppliers for better terms. Citations: (1) http://investing. businessweek. com/research/stocks/private/snapshot. asp? privcapId=118423755 (2) Narrated by former employee of PacSci, Don Yang

Discuss the View That Roles of Men and Women in the Family are Becoming More Equal

The aim of this essay is to attempt to come to a conclusion as to whether the gender roles within the modern-day family are equal, whether they are becoming more equal, and whether they shall ever be equal. In doing this, we shall have to study the views and opinions of many schools of thought, the results of different studies, and recognise and fully appreciate the arguments of different people and groups. The title question itself raises many debateable points, as it makes assumptions that ignore the diversity of the family. Firstly, and most obviously, the question assumes we shall only deal with heterosexually based families, not same-sex relationships. While same-sex families most definitely exist, they are a minority and do not really come into the issue of gender, therefore I shall ignore them for the course of this essay. Secondly, no two families are exactly the same. Families in different countries will no doubt have different attitudes on the subject of equality, and there will be noticeable differences across race, class and culture divisions, as well as between two different families with (superficially at least) a lot in common. This type of diversity would require its own set of studies and essays, and so for the sake of this essay I shall limit my studies to families from this country, and to statistical evidence; rather than individual families. There are many different views concerning the equality between men and women in the family. The traditional nuclear family as we consider it today would be a married man and woman with children, with the man going out to paid employment and the woman staying at home to do housework and look after the childrenWillmott and Young's views are similar to those of Postmodernists, a sociological school of thought that developed in the 1980s. Postmodernists believe that we live in a postmodern world, where differences in gender, race, class etc are now obsolete. As a result, they see gender roles in the family to be equal and egalitarian, and claim that any inequality or dissimilarity between gender roles in individual families is due to the choice of the members within the family. Many people have attacked Willmott and Young's study, claiming insignificant evidence and inaccurate methodology to back up their conclusions. Edgell's Middle Class Couples (1980) claims that while the division of housework is more equal than in the past, the vast majority of families are far from being egalitarian. Edgell also puts emphasis on the fact that the division power within the family also still seems unequal, with men making the majority of decisions for the family. Many feminists also claimed that the statistics show that men still do a disproportionately small amount of work at home. While some more liberal feminists believe we are on a steady path to gender equality within the family, many more hard-line and radical feminists argue that gender roles are far from equal. Ann Oakley's The Sociology of Housework (1974) and Housewife (1976) argue that modern women work a ‘double-shift', juggling full-time employment and housework. Oakley claims that â€Å"One occupation in particular, that of housewife, is exclusively feminine. In Britain, 76% of all employed women are housewives and so are 93% of non-employed women†¦Ã¢â‚¬  – Housewife (1976). She argues that while feminism has forced change in waged employment, social attitudes in the home remain the same. According to Oakley, men do very little in the home, with dishwashing being the only housework men do more than women. She also argues that men see doing housework as a favour to their wives, rather than a duty; and that childcare for most men is merely a spasmodic activity of recreation. Many other sociologists attack Oakley's views, accusing her of hypocrisy as she attacked Willmott and Young's methodology, while her own studies into housework completely ignore the more traditional male jobs, such as DIY, operating machinery, gardening, simple household repairs and so on. A. Warde's Domestic Divisions of Labour (1990) offers a more well rounded view: * Male Partner Female Partner Shared Plastering 32 4 2 Tidying Up 2 67 23 Cooking 4 77 17 Checking Car Oil 79 9 2 Bathing Children 22 44 33 It may also be important that the female-dominated jobs (Tidying up, Cooking, Bathing children) are much more often ‘shared' than the male-dominated ones (Checking Car Oil, Plastering) Burghes (1997) argues against Oakley's dismissal of male childcare, stating that more fathers are taking an active role in the emotional development and support of their children. Marxists argue that the traditional nuclear family was merely a way for the capitalist class to control and exploit the proletariat through ideology. Therefore, Marxist-Feminists believe in a ‘patriarchal ideology', in which girls are socialised into a male-led world to accept their role as housewives, and make marriage and family their main goal. In turn, this will benefit the capitalist society by keeping the status quo, and creating a new generation of similarly socialised male workers and female housewives. Marxist-Feminists believe this patriarchy occurs at all levels of society, from making girls wear skirts to advertising dolls on television, and that to truly achieve gender equality we must dispense with socialising our children into gender roles. People often dismiss this view, claiming that gaining equality should not mean compromising identity, and many other feminists believe that retaining their femininity is as important a part of the struggle for equality as gaining equal rights. The New Right believe that the nuclear family is the ideal family structure, and that Britain went through a ‘Golden Age' during the 1950s. Since then, they claim that feminism and equal rights have caused women to demand jobs, and thus be absent from home. As a result, the New Right argue that this puts stress on the nuclear family, often tearing it apart, and that absent parents cause deviance and social problems amongst their children. They claim that this has caused a decline in the family, and an increase in what they consider social problems (egg divorce, single-parent families). They believe that the current equal rights movement is wrong, and that people should return to the traditional nuclear family, which gives everyone an equal but separate, individual role. These views are similar to those of functionalists. Functionalists also believe that the nuclear family is the perfect and desired family type, as each member is supported within the family unit, and each person agrees on their role within the family to keep it working. Robin Fox (1969) argued that roles in the family were based on biological rules, while Talcott Parsons (1955) took a similar view, claiming that naturally women are best at ‘expressive' roles, such as caring, empathising and socialising, while men are best at ‘instrumental' roles, such as working for money. Therefore, functionalists believe that biological factors determine gender roles within the family, and the traditional roles within the nuclear family are the perfect representation of these roles. What is more, functionalist claim there is a consensus within the family, whereby all members of the family agree to these roles. These functionalist and new right views are viciously attacked by Marxists, feminists and postmodernists, all of whom agree that gender roles are culturally, not biologically, determined. Marxist-feminists claim that the consensus is an illusion, as women only accept their roles in the traditional family as they have been socialised to do so by patriarchal ideologies. All feminists also disagree with the New Right idea of the ‘perfect' nuclear family and the ‘Golden Age', claiming that all these things did were control and manipulate women, and that roles within such families were never equal. As this essay has shown us, views on gender roles in the family are fiercely contested, and opinions differ drastically. Functionalists and the New Right insist that gender roles in the family are biologically intended to be different, and were most equal in the traditional, nuclear family. Postmodernists and followers of Willmott and Young claim we have moved into an era of egalitarianism, where gender roles are shared and equal. Feminists argue that while there has been a small amount of progress, gender roles are far from equal, and females still have a much worse ‘deal' than males. I have attempted to fully understand all these points of view, and come to a fair conclusion. In truth, it seems to me that the real nature of gender roles within the family is somewhere between all these points of view. I believe that as we currently stand, gender roles are equal, but not egalitarian. More males share more of the housework and childcare than ever, while more females are pursuing careers and learning what were traditionally ‘male' skills (eg DIY, repair, vehicle maintenance etc). People tend to still do jobs that were traditionally considered ‘right' for their sex, and there are most definitely still differences between the genders, but these boundaries are being pushed every day, and more and more families are sharing more jobs and decisions. I think we must remember that social attitudes take more time to change than social actions, and we must recognise that change is occurring. Since the 1970s, when Ann Oakley wrote her books on housework, we have seen the rise of the ‘new man' and ‘house-husbands'. Meanwhile, more and more women are proving Fox's and Parsons' theories of biologically determined roles to be wrong. Not all families will follow the statistics; there will always be a few male-dominated households, just as there are now ‘role-reversal' families. And families will always differ slightly from each other. But within a few generations, I believe that Willmott and Young's vision of an egalitarian family will become our view of the majority of families, as we're halfway there already.

Talking About Future Events in Spanish

Talking About Future Events in Spanish It would be natural to assume that if you want to talk in Spanish about something that will happen in the future, that you would use the future tense of the verb. However, as in English, there are other ways of telling about future events. The difference is that in Spanish, those other ways of expressing the future are so common that the future tense frequently is used for purposes other than discussing the future. Here, then, and are the three most common ways of telling about future events. Using the Present Tense As in English, and especially in colloquial use, the present tense can be used when discussing an upcoming event. Salimos maà ±ana, we leave tomorrow (or, we will leave tomorrow). Te llamo esta tarde, Im calling (or, I will call) you this afternoon. In Spanish, the time period needs to be indicated (either directly or by the context) when using the present tense to refer to the future. The present future is used most often for events that are happening in the near future and that is certain or planned. Ir A and  Infinitive   A very common way of expressing the future is to use the present tense of ir (to go), followed by a and the infinitive. It is the equivalent of saying going to ... in English and is used in basically the same way. Voy a comer, I am going to eat. Va a comprar la casa, he is going to buy the house. Vamos a salir, we are going to leave. This usage of ir a is so common that it is sometimes thought of by some speakers as the future tense, and in some areas, it has all but replaced the conjugated future tense for talking about the future. This way of expressing the future has the advantage that it is extremely easy to learn. Simply learn the present indicative tenses conjugation of ir, and youll have it mastered. The Conjugated Future Tense When used to talk about the future, the conjugated future tense is the equivalent in English of saying will followed by the verb. Saldremos maà ±ana, we will leave tomorrow. Comerà © la hamburguesa, I will eat the hamburger. This use of the future tense is probably more common in writing than in everyday speech.

A Company That Has Had a Lawsuit in the Last 10 Years Research Paper

A Company That Has Had a Lawsuit in the Last 10 Years - Research Paper Example The paper chronologically accounts for the case how it started, got to be developed and concluded in a court of law. In the determination of the ruling, this paper has considered that basics that were used by the court of law to determine this case. In relation to this, the paper also gives accounts of the changes that has characterized the company following the law suit, the agencies charged with giving certificate of operation for drug companies as well as the recommendation to the companies in similar products based on the suit. Mylan Company is one of the world’s biggest and leading generics and pharmaceutical companies. The company’s products are available in almost over 150 countries worldwide; Germany, New Zealand, Austria, Belgium, Zech Republic, Denmark, Finland, and France are among the countries where the company operates. In its production, the company relies on contemporary production mechanisms where drugs safety and hygienic processes are observed. Throug h this, the company is producing reliable pharmaceutical products for consumers (Ceder, 2011). The company employs about 18,000 employees in all the branches all over the world. Given the company’s growth and service to the consumers, it has realized tremendous success in the industry. In this regard, it supplies most of the pharmaceutical drugs including the antiretroviral for treatment of HIV/AIDS patients (Ceder, 2011). The company was started in 1961 and became a publicly traded company in 1973 (Ceder, 2011). In 2002, the company was involved in a legal issue with the one of its client who sustained a back pain while changing the tires of the vehicle and was administered a painkiller fentanyl. Fentanyl is an addictive narcotic that affects the nervous system. After two days, the patient died and the postmortem results indicated that a lethal dose of the drug, Fentanyl was found in his blood stream, this was in 2002. The family filed a lawsuit against Mylan of manufacturin g lethal products since the physiological effects of the drugs contradicted the recommendation given in the package. The plaintiff lawyer argued that a defect in the drug and the only thing that has not been ascertained is the type of defect that was in the drug. During the period of the suit, Mylan maintained that the products were not defective and that they complied with the food and drugs administration that inspects quality of the drugs (Sobel, 2012). Discuss the legal theories used by the plaintiff to recover in this lawsuit. How the lawsuit was resolved, and why you agree with the decision in the case. The plaintiff asserted during their argument that there was defect in the drug and that is the company’s responsibility to identify such mistakes and to address any defect before releasing the drugs into the market. Specifically, they asserted that the defect was occasioned by negligence of the company workers during manufacturing. That the company has the duty of care t o its customers and should ensure that their products in the market are suitable for use by the customers (Mickey, 2004). The plaintiff accused the company of not observing professional due diligence in drug manufacturing and that this was not followed, defective drugs found their way into the market and resulted in to the death of their own. The defective in the drug was in its physiological departure where it affected the functionality of the nervous system. In the decision that was reached by the court over the case is that the company was liable for the death and they had to compensate the family appropriately for contributing into the death of the family’s bread winner. The court found that the company

Gloria Steinem Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Gloria Steinem - Term Paper Example Her grandmother Pauline Steinem was a revered suffragette in her day. But in the early years of Gloria’s life, there was little evidence to suggest that she would uphold her grandmother’s legacy. Since her father had to relocate to new cities very frequently, the young Gloria Steinem could not be enrolled in a regular school. All her early education was provided by her mom at home. This delicate family equilibrium came to an abrupt end, when Gloria was only 8 years old her parents broke off their marriage. Not only was young Gloria deprived of a father figure, she was also thrust into a life of grinding poverty in the next few years. Complicating an already dire situation was her mother’s propensity to suffer mental depression. In the years following the divorce, Steinem’s mother fell into such an abysmal depression that the mother-daughter roles reversed for once and Gloria was left to take care of her ailing mother. When in her late teens, she went to li ve with her elder sister in Washington, D.C., where she enrolled for Smith College. Just as she was about to complete her degree, she got a break which were to prove very significant. In 1956, in the year of her graduation, she got selected for a two year scholarship program in India ((Sondra, 1987). The two years Steinem spent in India during her formative years were to prove profound for her understanding of women’s issues. The experience broadened and deepened her grasp of the status of women in the Third World and how socio-political realities impose severe restrictions for freedom of women. She realized that â€Å"the high standard of living most Americans take for granted was not available to all. She commented at the time that ‘America is an enormous frosted cupcake in the middle of millions of starving people’. She returned strongly motivated to fight social injustice and embarked on her career as a journalist†. (www.gale.cengage.com) Emboldened by her

Response paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 27

Response paper - Essay Example The author also says that there were many continuations of the Algerian War found in the modern French society (McCormack 200). The Algerian War in history terms shows parts of the present in relation to its sequels. I believe the Algerian War memories are important in understanding the modern French society. The Algerian war memory has been reserved while the Indo-China conflict has been truly out of the memory, as it does not reappear in the present. The repression of the memory is unhealthy for the French community as it results in repetition of old divisions. It prevents a peaceful mind from existing and brings about the injury produced by painful memories (McCormack 220). Essentially, the commemoration of the Algerian War events should be perceived as an opportunity for the French administration to show their readiness to the Fifth Republic to identify the problematic facets of its history. The French government must generate a report through the creation of a commission to gather evidence and facts about the Algerian war. Great work needs to be done if France is to conquer the divisions in the French society that were inherited from the

Overpopulation is a Real Challenge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 165

Overpopulation is a Real Challenge - Essay Example This short piece of work differs with Professor Ellis. Â  Professor Ellis acknowledges that the size of the earth is fixed. However, the point of disagreement is that there is no need to exploit more lands as the ones already in use and technological innovations can sustain the growth in population. This is totally untrue because, despite the level of technological innovations and inventions, the lands have their limits. According to the SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, overpopulation is a real threat to humanity as it has the potential to wipe out the entire mankind. Research in this institution has shown that the cumulative effects of overpopulation would be disastrous given the unforgiving character of Mother Nature (SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry). Sustainability can only be achieved if the population growth rate is matched by the growth rate of resources. In this case, there is need to increase the acreage of lands under cultivation so as to match population growth rate and consequently check overpopulation.

Load Flow Analysis For Electricity Supply Engineering Essay

Load Flow Analysis For Electricity Supply Engineering Essay Power flow studies, commonly referred to as load flow, are essential of power system analysis and design. Load flow studies are necessary for planning, economic operation, scheduling and exchange of power between utilities. Load flow study is also required for many other analyses such as transient stability, dynamic stability, contingency and state estimation. Network equations can be formulated in a variety of forms. However, node voltage method is commonly used for power system analysis. The network equations which are in the nodal admittance form results in complex linear simultaneous algebraic equations in terms of node currents. The load flow results give the bus voltage magnitude and phase angles and hence the power flow through the transmission lines, line losses and power injection at all the buses. 1.1 BUS Classification Four quantities are associated with each bus. These are voltage magnitude, phase angle ÃŽÂ ´, real power P and reactive power Q. In a load flow study, two out of four quantities are specified and the remaining two quantities are to be obtained through the solutions of equations. The system buses are generally classified into three categories. Slack bus: Also known as swing bus and taken as reference where the magnitude and phase angle of the voltage are specified. This bus provides the additional real and reactive power to supply the transmission losses, since there are unknown until the final solution is obtained. Load buses: Also know as PQ bus. At these buses the real and reactive powers are specified. The magnitude and phase angle of the bus voltage are unknown until the final solution is obtained. Voltage controlled buses: Also known as generator buses or regulated buses or P- buses. At these buses, the real power and voltage magnitude are specified. The phase angles of the voltages and the reactive power are unknown until the final solution is obtained. The limits on the value of reactive power are also specified. The following table summarizes the above discussion: 1.2 BUS Admittance Matrix In order to obtain the bus-voltage equations, consider the sample 4-bus power system as shown in Fig. 1.1 1.1 The impedance diagram of sample 4-bus power system For simplicity resistances of the lines are neglected and the impedances shown in Fig.1.1 are expressed in per-unit on a common MVA base. Now impedances are converted to admittance, i.e, = 1.1 Fig.1.2 shows the admittance diagram and transformation to current sources and injects currents at buses 1 and 2 respectively. Node 0 (normally ground) is taken as reference. 1.2 the admittance diagram of 1.1 Applying KCL to the independent nodes 1,2,3,4 we have Rearranging the above equations, we get Let, The node equations reduce to Note that ,in Fig.1.2, there is no connection between bus 1 and bus 4, so Above equations can be written in matrix form, 1.2 or in general 1.3 Where vevtor of the injected currents (the current is positive when flowing into the bus and negative when flowing out of the bus) admittance matrix. Diagonal element of Y matrix is known as self-admittance or driving point admittance, i.e. 1.4 Off-diagonal element of y matrix is known as transfer admittance or mutual admittance, i.e. 1.5 can be obtained from equation (1.3), i.e. 1.6 From Fig.1.2, elements of Y matrix can be written as: So 1.3 BUS Loading Equations Consider i-th bus of a power system as shown in Fig.7.4. transmission lines are represented by their equivalent à Ã¢â€š ¬ models. is the total charging admittance at bus i. Fig 1.4: i-th bus of a power system Net injected current into the bus I can be written as : 1.7 Let us define 1.8 Or 1.9 The real and reactive power injected at bus is is 1.10 From equations 7.9 and 7.10 we get 1.11 1.12 1.4 BUS Impedance Matrix The bus impedance matrix for en t 1T nodes can be written as Unlike the bus admittance matrix, the bus impedance matrix cannot be formed by simple examination of the network circuit. The bus impedance matrix can be formed by the following methods: à ¢- Inversion of the admittance matrix à ¢- By open circuit testing à ¢- By step-by-step formation à ¢- From graph theory Direct inversion of the Y matrix is rarely implemented in computer applications. Certain assumptions in forming the bus impedance matrix are: 1. The passive network can be shown within a closed perimeter, (Fig.1.3). It includes the impedances of all the circuit components, transmission lines, loads, transformers, cables, and generators. The nodes of interest are brought out of the bounded network, and it is excited by a unit generated voltage Fig.1.3 Representation of a network as passive elements with loads and faults excluded. The nodes of interest are pulled out of the network and unit voltage is applied at the common node. 2. The network is passive in the sense that no circulating currents flow in the network. Also, the load currents are negligible with respect to the fault currents. For any currents to flow an external path (a fault or load) must exist. 3. All terminals marked 0 are at the same potential. All generators have the same voltage magnitude and phase angle and are replaced by one equivalent generator connected between 0 and a node. For fault current calculations a unit voltage is assumed 1.5 POWER IN AC CIRCUITS The concepts of instantaneous power, average power, apparent power, and reactive power are fundamental and are briefly discussed here. Consider lumped impedance Z, excited by a sinusoidal voltage E (1.13) (1.14) The first term is the average time-dependent power, when the voltage and current waveforms consist only of fundamental components. The second term is the magnitude of power swing. Equation (1.2) can be written as (1.15) The first term is the power actually exhausted in the circuit and the second term is power exchanged between the source and circuit, but not exhausted in the circuit. The active power is measured in watts and is defined as (1.16) The reactive power is measured in var and is defined as: (1.17) These relationships are shown in Fig. 1.4; cosÃŽÂ ¸ is called the power factor (PF) of the circuit, and ÃŽÂ ¸ is the power factor angle. The apparent power in VA is given by (1.18) The power factor angle is generally defined as (1.19) If cosÃŽÂ ¸=1, Q=0. Such a load is a unity power factor load. Except for a small percentage of loads, i.e., resistance heating and incandescent lighting, the industrial, commercial, or residential loads operate at lagging power factor. As the electrical equipment is rated on a kVA basis, a lower power factor derates the equipment and limits its capacity to supply active power loads. The reactive power flow and control is one important aspect of power flow. The importance of power factor (reactive power) control can be broadly stated as: à ¢- Improvement in the active power handling capability of transmission lines. à ¢- Improvement in voltage stability limits. à ¢- Increasing capability of existing systems: the improvement in power factor for release of a certain per unit kVA capacity can be calculated from Eq. (10.6): where PFimp is improved power factor, PFext is existing power factor, and kVAava is kVA made available as per unit of existing kVA. à ¢- Reduction in losses: the active power losses are reduced as these are proportional to the square of the current. With PF improvement, the current per unit for the same active power delivery is reduced. The loss reduction is given by the expression: Where Lossred is reduction in losses in per unit with improvement in power factor from PFext to PFimp. An improvement of power factor from 0.7 to 0.9 reduces the losses by 39.5% à ¢- . Improvement of transmission line regulation: the power factor improvement improves the line regulation by reducing the voltage drops on load flow. All these concepts may not be immediately clear and are further developed. Fig 1.4 1.5.1 Complex Power If the voltage vector is expressed as A t jB and the current vector as C t jD, then by convention the volt-ampe`res in ac circuits are vectorially expressed as E= (A +jB) (C- jD) = AC +BD +j(BC-AD) = P+ jQ (1.20) where P = AC t BD is the active power and Q BC _ AD is the reactive power; I_ is the conjugate of I. This convention makes the imaginary part representing reactive power negative for the leading current and positive for the lagging current. This is the convention used by power system engineers. If a conjugate of voltage, instead of current, is used, the reactive power of the leading current becomes positive. The power factor is given by cosÃŽÂ ¸= (1.21) 1.5.2 Conservation of Energy The conservation of energy concept (Tellegens theorem) is based on Kirchoff laws and states that the power generated by the network is equal to the power consumed by the network (inclusive of load demand and losses). If i1; i2; i3; . . . ; in are the currents and v1; v2; v3; . . . ; vn the voltages of n single-port elements connected in any manner: (1.22) This is an obvious conclusion. Also, in a linear system of passive elements, the complex power, active power, and reactive power should summate to zero: (1.23) (1.24) (1.25) 1.6 POWER FLOW IN A NODAL BRANCH The modeling of transmission lines is unique in the sense that capacitance plays a significant role and cannot be ignored, except for short lines of length less than approximately 50 miles (80 km). Let us consider power flow over a short transmission line. As there are no shunt elements, the line can be modeled by its series resistance and reactance, load, and terminal conditions. Such a system may be called a nodal branch in load flow or a two-port network. The sum of the sending end and receiving end active and reactive powers in a nodal branch is not zero, due to losses in the series admittance Ysr (Fig. 1.5). Let us define Ysr, the admittance of the series elements= j or Z= zl= l(+j)= + =1/Ysr, where l is the length of the line. The sending end power is = Where is conjugate.This gives where sending end voltage is Vs and, at the receiving end: If is neglected: where ÃŽÂ ´ in the difference between the sending end and receiving end voltage vector angles= (. For small values of delta, the reactive power equation can be written as Fig1.5 Power flow over a two-port line. where is the voltage drop. For a short line it is Therefore, the transfer of real power depends on the angle ÃŽÂ ´, called the transmission angle, and the relative magnitudes of the sending and receiving end voltages. As these voltages will be maintained close to the rated voltages, it is mainly a function of ÃŽÂ ´. The maximum power transfer occurs at ÃŽÂ ´=90(steady-state stability limit). The reactive power flows is in the direction of lower voltage and it is independent of ÃŽÂ ´. The following conclusions can be drawn: 1. For small resistance of the line, the real power flow is proportional to sin ÃŽÂ ´. It is a maximum at ÃŽÂ ´=90ËÅ ¡. For stability considerations the value is restricted to below ÃŽÂ ´=90ËÅ ¡. The real power transfer rises with the rise in the transmission voltage. 2. The reactive power flow is proportional to the voltage drop in the line, and is independent of ÃŽÂ ´. The receiving end voltage falls with increase in reactive power demand. 2.1 Practical Load Flow The requirements for load flow calculations vary over a wide area, from small industrial systems to large automated systems for planning, security, reactive power compensation, control, and on-line management. The essential requirements are: à ¢- High speed, especially important for large systems à ¢- Convergence characteristics, which are of major consideration for large systems, and the capability to handle ill-conditioned systems. à ¢- Ease of modifications and simplicity. i.e. adding, deleting, and changing system components, generator outputs, loads, and bus types. à ¢- Storage requirement, which becomes of consideration for large systems The size of the program in terms of number of buses and lines is important. Practically, all programs will have data reading and editing libraries, capabilities of manipulating system variables, adding or deleting system components, generation, capacitors, or slack buses. Programs have integrated databases, i.e., the impedance data for short-circuit or load flow calculations need not be entered twice, and graphic user interfaces. Which type of algorithm will give the speediest results and converge easily is difficult to predict precisely. Table.2.1 shows a comparison of earlier Z and Y matrix methods. Most programs will incorporate more than one solution method. While the Gauss-Seidel method with acceleration is still an option for smaller systems, for large systems some form of the NR decoupled method and fast load-flow algorithm are commonly used, especially for optimal power flow studies. Speed can be accelerated by optimal ordering .In fast decoupled load flow the convergence is geometric, and less than five iterations are required for practical accuraci es. If differentials are calculated efficiently the speed of the fast decoupled method can be even five times that of the NR method. Fast decoupled load flow is employed in optimization studies and in contingency evaluation for system security. The preparations of data, load types, extent of system to be modeled and specific problems to be studied are identified as a first step. The data entry can be divided into four main categories: bus data, branch data, transformers and phase shifters, and generation and load data. Shunt admittances, i.e., switched capacitors and reactors in required steps, are represented as fixed admittances. Apart from voltages on the buses, the study will give branch power flows; identify transformer taps, phase-shifter angles, loading of generators and capacitors, power flow from swing buses, load demand, power factors, system losses, and overloaded system components. No. Compared parameter Y matrix Z matrix Remarks 1 Digital computer memory requirements Small Large Sparse matrix techniques easily applied to Y matrix 2 Preliminary calculations Small Large Software programs can basically operate from the same data input 3 Convergence characteristics Slow, may not converge at all Strong Both methods may slow down on large systems 4 System modifications Easy Slightly difficult See text 2.2 Y-Matrix Method The Y-matrix iterative methods were the very first to be applied to load flow calculations on the early generation of digital computers. This required minimum storage, however, may not converge on some load flow problems. This deficiency in Y-matrix methods led to Z-matrix methods, which had a better convergence, but required more storage and slowed down on large systems. Some buses may be designated as PQ buses while the others are designated as PV buses. At a PV bus the generator active power output is known and the voltage regulator controls the voltage to a specified value by varying the reactive power output from the generator. There is an upper and lower bound on the generator reactive power output depending on its rating, and for the specified bus voltage, these bounds should not be violated. If the calculated reactive power exceeds generator Qmax, then Qmax is set equal to Q. If the calculated reactive power is lower than the generator Qmin, then Q is set equal to Qmin. At a PQ bus, neither the current, nor the voltage is known, except that the load demand is known. A mixed bus may have generation and also directly connected loads. The characteristics of these three types of buses are shown in Table 2-1. Bus type Known variable Unknown variable PQ Active and reactive power Current and voltage PV Active power and voltage Current and reactive power Swing Voltage Current, active and reactive power 2.2.1 GAUSS AND GAUSS-SEIDEL Y-MATRIX METHODS The principal of Jacobi iteration is shown in Fig. 2.1. The program starts by setting initial values of voltages, generally equal to the voltage at the swing bus. In a well-designed power system, voltages are close to rated values and in the absence of a better estimate all the voltages can be set equal to 1 per unit. From node power constraint, the currents are known and substituting back into the Y-matrix equations, a better estimate of voltages is obtained. These new values of voltages are used to find new values of currents. The iteration is continued until the required tolerance on power flows is obtained. This is diagrammatically illustrated in Fig. 2.1. Starting from an initial estimate of, the final value of x* is obtained through a number of iterations. The basic flow chart of the iteration process is shown in Fig. 2.2 Fig2.1 Illustration of numerical iterative process for final value of a function Fig. 2.2 Flow chart of basic iterative process of Jacobi-type iterations 2.2.2 Gauss Iterative Technique Consider that n linear equations in n unknowns () are given. The a coefficients and b dependent variables are known: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. These equations can be written as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. (2.1) An initial value for each of the independent variables is assumed. Let these values be denoted by The initial values are estimated as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. These are substituted into Eq. (2.1), giving à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. These new values of are substituted into the next iteration. In general, at the k-th iteration: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. 2.2.3 Gauss-Seidel Y-Matrix Method In load flow calculations the system equations can be written in terms of current, voltage, or power at the k-th node. We know that the matrix equation in terms of unknown voltages, using the bus admittance matrix for n+ 1 node, is Although the currents entering the nodes from generators and loads are not known, these can be written in terms of P, Q, and V: The convention of the current and power flow is important. Currents entering the nodes are considered positive, and thus the power into the node is also positive. A load draws power out of the node and thus the active power and inductive vars are entered as:-p j (-Q) =-p + j Q. The current is then (-P + j Q)/. The nodal equal of current at the k-th node becomes: In general, for the k-th node: (2.2) The k-th bus voltage at r + 1 iteration can be written as (2.3) The voltage at the k-th node has been written in terms of itself and the other voltages. The first equation involving the swing bus is omitted, as the voltage at the swing bus is already specified in magnitude and phase angle. The Gauss-Seidel procedure can be summarized for PQ buses in the following steps: 1: Initial phasor values of load voltages are assumed, the swing bus voltage is known, and the controlled bus voltage at generator buses can be specified. Though an initial estimate of the phasor angles of the voltages will accelerate the final solution, it is not necessary and the iterations can be started with zero degree phase angles or the same phase angle as the swing bus. A flat voltage start assumes 1 + j0 voltages at all buses, except the voltage at the swing bus, which is fixed. 2: Based on the initial voltages, the voltage at a bus in the first iteration is calculated using Eq. (2.2) 3: The estimate of the voltage at bus 2 is refined by repeatedly finding new values of by substituting the value of into the right-hand side of the equation. 4: The voltages at bus 3 are calculated using the latest value of found in step 3 and similarly for other buses in the system. This completes one iteration. The iteration process is repeated for the entire network till the specified convergence is obtained. A generator bus is treated differently; the voltage to be controlled at the bus is specified and the generator voltage regulator varies the reactive power output of the generator within its reactive power capability limits to regulate the bus voltage: where stands for the imaginary part of the equation. The revised value of is found by substituting the most updated value of voltages: For a PV bus the upper and lower limits of var generation to hold the bus voltage constant are also given. The calculated reactive power is checked for the specified limits: If the calculated reactive power falls within the specified limits, the new value of voltage is calculated using the specified voltage magnitude and. This new value of voltage is made equal to the specified voltage to calculate the new phase angle. If the calculated reactive power is outside the specified limits, then, This means that the specified limits are not exceeded and beyond the reactive power bounds, the PV bus is treated like a PQ bus. A flow chart is shown in Fig. 2.3 2.3 Newton-Rapson Method Newton-Raphson method is an iterative method which approximates the set of non-linear simultaneous equations to a set of linear equations using Taylors series expansion and the terms are restricted to first order approximation. 2.3.1 Simultaneous Equations The Taylor series is applied to n nonlinear equations in n unknowns, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. As a first approximation, the unknowns represented by the initial values can be substituted into the above equations, where are the first estimates of n unknowns. On transposing Where is abbreviated as The original nonlinear equations have been reduced to linear equations in The subsequent approximations are à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Or in matrix form: The matrix of partial derivatives is called a Jacobian matrix. This result is written as This means that determination of unknowns requires inversion of the Jacobian 2.3.2 Rectangular Form of Newton-Rapson Method of Load Flow The power flow equation at a PQ node is Voltage can be written as: Thus, the power is ] ] Equating the real and imaginary parts, the active and reactive power at a PQ node is: where and are functions of and . Starting from the initial values, new values are found which differ from the initial values by and (First iteration) (First iteration) For a PV node (generator bus) voltage and power are specified. The reactive power equation is replaced by a voltage equation: 2.3.3 Polar Form of Jacobian Matrix The voltage equation can be written in polar form: Thus the power is Equating real and imaginary terms: The Jacobian in polar form for the same four-bus system is The slack bus has no equation, because the active and reactive power at this bus is unspecified and the voltage is specified. At PV bus 4, the reactive power is unspecified and there is no corresponding equation for this bus in terms of the variable. The partial derivatives can be calculated as follows: 2.3.4 Calculation Procedure of Newton-Raphson Method The procedure is summarized in the following steps, and flow charts are shown in Figs 2.4 and 2.5 à ¢- Bus admittance matrix is formed. à ¢- Initial values of voltages and phase angles are assumed for the load (PQ) buses. Phase angles are assumed for PV buses. Normally, the bus voltages are set equal to the slack bus voltage, and phase angles are assumed equal to 0ËÅ ¡, i.e., a flat start. à ¢- Active and reactive powers, P and Q, are calculated for each load bus à ¢- P and Q can, therefore, be calculated on the basis of the given power at the buses à ¢- For PV buses, the exact reactive power are not specified, but its limits are known. If the calculated value of the reactive power is within limits, only P is calculated. If the calculated value of reactive power is beyond the specified limits, then an appropriate limit is imposed and Q is also calculated by subtracting the calculated value of the reactive power from the maximum specified limit. The bus under consideration is now treated as a PQ (load) bus. à ¢- The elements of the Jacobian matrix are calculated à ¢- This gives and à ¢- Using the new values ofand, the new values of voltages and phase angles are calculated. à ¢- The next iteration is started with these new values of voltage magnitudes and phase angles. à ¢- The procedure is continued until the required tolerance is achieved. This is generally 0.1kW and 0.1 kvar. Fig 2.4 Flow chart for NR method of load flow for PQ buses. Fig.2.5Flow chart for NR method of load flow for PV buses 2.3.5 Impact Loads and Motor Starting Load flow presents a frozen picture of the distribution system at a given instant, depending on the load demand. While no idea of the transients in the system for a sudden change in load application or rejection or loss of a generator or tie-line can be obtained, a steady-state picture is presented for the specified loading conditions. Each of these transient events can be simulated as the initial starting condition, and the load flow study rerun as for the steady-state case. Suppose a generator is suddenly tripped. Assuming that the system is stable after this occurrence, we can calculate the redistribution of loads and bus voltages by running the load flow calculations afresh, with generator 4 omitted. Similarly, the effect of an outage of a tie-line, transformer, or other system component can be studied. Table 2-2 Representation of Load Models in Load Flow 3. Conclusion Load flow is a solution of the steady-state operating conditions of a power system. It presents a frozen picture of a scenario with a given set of conditions and constraints. This can be a limitation, as the power systems operations are dynamic. In an industrial distribution system the load demand for a specific process can be predicted fairly accurately and a few load flow calculations will adequately describe the system. For bulk power supply, the load demand from hour to hour is uncertain, and winter and summer load flow situations, though typical, are not adequate. A moving picture scenario could be created from static snapshots, but it is rarely adequate in large systems having thousands of controls and constraints. Thus, the spectrum of load flow (power flow) embraces a large area of calculations, from calculating the voltage profiles and power flows in small systems to problems of on-line energy management and optimization strategies in interconnected large power systems. By the load flow studies which performed using digital computer simulations. I have a main idea of how a power networks power flow calculation operation, planning, running, and development of control strategies. Applied to large systems for optimization, security, and stability, the algorithms become complex and involved. While the study I have done above just a small part of the research and I think the treatment of load flow, and finally optimal power flow, will unfold in my following study.