Regina V. G and Another Case Brief Free Essays

Case Title: Regina v. G and another (Appellants) (On Appeal form the Court of Appeal (Criminal Division)) Citation: [2003] UKHL 50 Procedural History (PH): The appellants were charged on 22nd August 2000; without lawful excuse damaged by fire; commercial premises and being reckless as to whether such property would be damaged. The appellants stood trial before Judge Maher in March 2001. We will write a custom essay sample on Regina V. G and Another Case Brief or any similar topic only for you Order Now The appellants’ case at trial was that they expected the fire to extinguish itself on the concrete. It was accepted that neither of them conceived that there was any risk of the fire spreading. At the start of the trial submissions were made on the meaning of â€Å"recklessness†. The judge ruled that he was bound to direct the jury in accordance with R v Caldwell . The Judge then directed the jury on the three matters he listed. The jury was unable to come to a decision on the same day but returned on another day and convicted the appellants. Upon receiving the verdict the judge adjourned the proceedings for a pre-sentence report. The judge made a one year supervision in the case of each appellant. Facts: On the night of 21st -22nd August 2000, the appellants, then aged 11 and 12 respectively went camping without the permission of their parents’, they entered the back yard of the Co-op Shop in Newport Pagnell. They lit some newspapers that they had found. Both defendants threw some lit newspaper under a large plastic wheelie-bin. The defendants left the yard before putting the fire to rest. As a result the newspapers caught fire to the first wheelie-bin which then spread to the other wheelie-bin then spread to the eave, guttering, fascia and the roof and eventually spread to the adjoining buildings. The damages approximated to a sum of 1million Pounds Sterling. Issues: 1. Did the defendant damage by fire the building and the commercial premises? 2. Would the risk created by the defendant been obvious to an ordinary, reasonable, bystander? 3. Had the defendant given any thought to the possibility of there being a risk in doing what he did? Judgment: The Appellants succeeded in having their conviction quashed. By the reasons given by Lord Bingham of Cornhill, with the support of Lord Browne-Wilkinson, Lord Steyn, Lord Hutton, and Lord Rodger of Earlsferry. Rule(s) of Law: 1. Did the defendant damage by fire the building and the commercial premises? The appellant did damage the building and commercial premises by fire. During the proceedings, the judge pointed out that there was no doubt in the appellants damaging the building and premises by fire. 2. Would the risk created by the defendant have been obvious to an ordinary, reasonable, bystander? It is accepted that the reasonable bystander is an adult with no particular expertise with the common knowledge and reasoning capabilities. The jury agreed that the reasonable bystander would have been able to foresee the possibility of the fire spreading. Thus the appellants were convicted under standing test . The jury was inclined to accept that intention could be shown by proof of reckless disregard of an act perceived by the reasonable man as a risk. 3. Had the defendant given any thought to the possibility of there being a risk in doing what he did? It was agreed on appeal that the boys did not foresee any risk of the fire spreading in the way it eventually did. Many leading academic writers on English criminal law have believe that the criminal law should punish people only for those consequences of their acts, which they foresaw at the relevant time. Supporting Argument: Actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea. Actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea translates to; the act does not make a person guilty unless the mind is also guilty. It is a constructive principle that conviction of serious crime should rely on evidence not merely that the defendant caused an detrimental effect to another but rather that his state of mind when so acting was blameworthy. Willingly disregarding an appreciated and unacceptable risk of causing a detrimental effect or a methodical and purposeful ignorant state of mind to such risk would also be considered blame worthy. In contrast it is not distinctively culpable to do something that encompasses the gamble of grievance to another in the event of one authentically not identifying the said gamble. Did the judge’s direction transgress the decision of the jury? It can be debated that since R v Caldwell the case at hand precisely outlines that Lord Diplock’s direction is capable of persuading evident unfairness. The trial judge admitted to the regret of his direction to the jury which transgressed the decision of the jury. The jury may have inferred that persons the same age of the appellants would have understood the risk involved however this was not their decision. However the jury thought it unfair to convict them. It is not considered moral or just to convict a defendant s a result of what another may have understood if the defendant had no such understanding himself. Was the interpretation of â€Å"recklessly† wrong? In section 1 of the Act, it was shown that the interpretation of â€Å"recklessly† to have been misleading. Had the misinterpretation not conflicted with any principle or had not intensified an injustice; the misinterpretation would not have had any impact, however it resulted in the opposite. Thus it is vital for the correction of the misinterpretation of â€Å"recklessly†. Losing Argument: Should the rule in R v Caldwell be modified? The modification would defy the principle that conviction depends on the mens rea of the defendant. If the principle was modified to accommodate children on the grounds of naivety it would be uncharacteristic if no modification was made to include the mentally handicapped on the grounds of their narrow ability of perception. Implementing modifications of this classification will encourage challenging and controversial debate with regard to the qualities and characteristics plausible for comparison. The implementation of this modification will replace one misinterpretation for another. Were the appellants reckless? A person is said to be reckless if knowing that there is a risk that an event may occur as a consequence of their conduct as defined by The Merriam Webster dictionary . A defendant is only considered to have acted recklessly by the advantage of their failure to give any thought to the risk or property damage that may have been apparent had they given any thought to the matter. Determining if a risk would have been apparent to the defendant is very unpredictable. The tribunal of fact should not acknowledge the defendant’s proclamation that it never occurred to them that there was risk of property damage providing that the conditions, prospects, and evidence point that the thought process must have crossed their mind. Obiter Dicta’ The meaning of â€Å"maliciously† It is understood by the court that use of the term ‘maliciously’ requires proof of intension. Malice necessitates an authentic objective to do a precise kind of destruction. The court accepts that â€Å"maliciously† introduces consciousness that an act may have the consequence of causing substantial impairment to some other person despite if the impa irment foreseen was reasonably minimal. How to cite Regina V. G and Another Case Brief, Essay examples

William Family According Genogram Provided â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The William Family According Genogram Provided? Answer: Introducation The structure of the William family according to the genogram provided above is explained here. Hannah Williams and Steven Williams are married to each other for 3 years since 2014. Before Steven, Hannah was married to Barry but their relationship ended followed by divorce. Billy 5 years old is the only son of Hannah and Barry and shares their joint custody. Recently, Hannah gave birth to a premature girl child conceived with Steven. Barry is in relationship with Jane and lives with Emily and Ronan, children of Jane from her previous relationship. Hannahs mother Marion lives with her and Hannahs father Sam lives with his new wife Ariel in Philippines. Stevens father, Henry died on last year, 2016. Henry was married to Mavis on 1978. According to The Australian Family Strengths Nursing Assessment Guide (AFSNAG), the two strengths that were found in the William family were sharing activities in order to support each other and acceptance of the situation (Gbur, 2013). These guides help the families to identify and develop their subsequent strengths to bring out positive changes in family functioning. These strengths were observed by the nurses by watching their behaviour or by asking questions to them. One of the strength in the William family was sharing the activities. This strength was evident from the behaviour of Steven as Hannah recently gave birth to a premature baby and she required some time to recover from the caesarean delivery. Therefore in order to provide a healthy orientation he planned to take his family to the local golf club for lunch because that would help them to meet new people as due to commitments in work place and moving to a new place they hardly met new friends. But he was bit concerned a bout the financial management in the coming six months as due to Hannahs pregnancy they hired a paid manager to look after her boutique business and thus he wanted Hannah to get back to her work as soon as possible. When Steven was asked about handling the crying baby in the morning, he replied that he got golf rounds in the morning and Hannah was accustomed to sort this problem as she experienced it earlier when her son Billy was a baby. Although he planned to help her in cooking after getting back home. The second strength was the acceptance of not resuming back into their sexual relationship. He anticipated the decision of not involving into any sexual relationship at that very moment as Hannah underwent a caesarean delivery recently. He believed that they will resume back to their sexual relationship within two week and things will be normalised. He even added up to the fact that as her wife was on leave from work, she would be able to take proper rest and relaxed. This would he lp them to get back to their normal sexual relationship. Nursing Care of the Family: Planning, Implementing and Evaluating The two challenges or issues faced by the William family were breastfeeding and transition to parenthood. The first issue is breastfeeding faced by both the baby and the mother. Several challenges are faced by the mother while breastfeeding (Rollins et al., 2016). The most common is latching the baby properly and improper latching leads to sore nipples in mother and insufficient milk to the baby (Holmes, 2013). Pinching pain in the nipple area if persists after four days implies improper latching of the baby. Another issue is the formation of tender lump in the breast area which suggests that the duct that connects the glands producing milk to the nipple is clogged. The concerned issue in case of Hannah in this study was taking extra help to breastfeed her baby as she underwent a caesarean delivery and needed time to recover her heal. It takes longer time for the milk to secrete in caesarean cases with problem in latching due to improper position of the other (Dahl, 2015). Postoperat ive pain is common in this cases which challenges the mothers from enjoying the first few days of motherhood. One of the issues faced in breastfeeding is the improper latching of the baby that can lead to soreness of the nipple and insufficient intake of the milk by the baby (Kent et al., 2015). Providing proper nursing management can solve the problem. The nurse in charge should recommend the mother to position her body properly in a relaxed state as this helps better flow of milk. A proper nursing station should be provided with a comforting chair having sufficient pillows to support and a peaceful environment. Secondly, the position of the baby should be maintained by holding the baby under the arm and closer to breast by supporting the babys neck with hand. In case of mother lying sideways, the baby should face towards the breast keeping the mouth at the nipple level. Then cupping the breast with fingers along with palm below and on top with thumb should be done. It should be ascertained that the baby sucks the milk from the areola inspite of the nipple. In order to avoid painful feeding from the breast, babys gum should grab a radius of one inch surrounding the nipple at the time of latching. Compressing the areola region of the breast successfully provides sufficient milk to the baby as the sinuses for milk are situated below the areola of the breasts (Simpson, 2017). One of the interventions related to successful breastfeeding in nursing health care is by supporting the mothers to breastfeed their babies (Renfrew et al., 2012). The initiation of the breastfeeding starts with proper skin contact between the mother and the baby. The encouragement of having unhurried contact of the mothers skin to their babies immediately after birth is one of the possible strategies. During this procedure, the physiological along with the emotional benefits about the skin contact should be made aware to the mothers. Making direct contact ok skin makes both the mother and the newborn baby calm by keeping the baby warm. The breathing rate and the heart rate are stabilised with facilitating increased hormonal release that initiates a new bond in the mother with the baby. The first breastfeeding starts immediately after the baby is born by initiating skin contact (Moore et al., 2012). With this procedure, both the mother and the newborn baby get alert towards each othe r. In some cases the baby develops an attachment with the breast with any assistance. During the first breastfeeding time, the care giver supports the mother in proper positioning of the body and helping in proper attachment. Successful breastfeeding can be obtained in three steps. With proper assistance and support breastfeeding occurs naturally and works fine with 99% mothers with their babies (Guyer, J Millward Berger, 2012). However, when the mother grows surrounding the bottle feeding, certain things about the breastfeeding should be known. Breastfeeding should be started early to starts early milk production so that if the baby is born immature, the mother will have to express breast milk (Meier et al., 2013). Secondly, the mothers should know that breastfeeding should not cause pinching sensation in their nipple or cause pain producing sore nipple. Lastly breastfeeding should be done whenever required in order to comfort the baby and assuring sufficient supply of milk (Beala feld, 2015). Breastfeeding is always surrounded with strong emotions both in the mother and the baby. Thus it is essential to encourage the mothers and the caregivers to understand how the baby can feel while breastfeeding. Both breast feeding and bottle feeding are accomplished by eye contact thereby increasing the emotional bond and intimate sensation between the mother and the infant (Brookes, Harvey Mullany, 2016). Another major challenge in family planning is the transition to parenthood. Mental satisfaction sometimes declines following the birth of a chid due to stresses in looking after the infant (Lutz et al., 2012). Apart from enjoying the parenthood, certain challenges impact the development of the child. Births occurring immediately after marriage play negative impact on the couple relationship leading to separation followed by divorce (Gottman, 2014). According to some research studies it has been found that women become more unsatisfied during the transition of motherhood in comparison to men (Mortensen et al., 2012). Women are found to be more vulnerable towards the challenges of parenthood as the workload increases with giving primary care to the baby along with other household works. Socioeconomic status also affects the women who left their jobs to experience motherhood struggle more in the transition period (Goldenberg Goldenberg, 2012). A little is known about the impact on pare nting due to disturbed sleep. The factor challenge that the couples face is the marital satisfaction such as thoughts about how their partner feels, affection, conflict in prenatal stage and withdrawal. Factors related to child such as child with temperament and always crying challenges the wellbeing in parenthood transition especially in fathers. One of the nursing goal to prevent the challenges in transition to parenthood is the supporting the parents for forming a parental bond with the new born (Cockcroft, 2012). The process through which the parents develop love and acceptance towards the child is called attachment. The bonding should be accomplished immediately by forming close contact with the baby in the few first hours of the birth both from mothers and fathers side (Dermott, 2014). Attachment is established by maintain a close proximity with the infant by whom the parents become acquainted with the baby and starts accepting the baby as the new member of the family. This process develops through positive feedbacks such as through socially, verbally with non verbal responses (Schaffer, 2013). The attachment is perceived by mutuality through the behaviour of the infant eliciting the behaviours of the parents. When the infant expresses signals such as through crying, cooing and sometimes smiling, these initiates the pare nts close to them. Following this behavioural signals other signals such as grasping with postural adjustments also maintains the attachment. Care givers are more attracted towards the infants who are alert and responsive but if the infant becomes irritable, the care givers repel themselves from the attachment process. Among many interventions in transition to parenthood, implementing the role of the parents after the birth of the newborn is one of them. The transition to parenthood is considered as a period of disequilibrium and sometimes a period of satisfaction in the mothers and their partners (Wolkoff, 2014). Some parents, specially the men think their spouse to be their only support and this transition brings a feeling of deprivation when their spouses are unable to provide that support. Emotions like feeling helpless, inadequate and anger when dealing with a crying infant makes many parents not ready to accept the transition. Fathers can undergo interventions in order to improve their relationship with their infants (Alio et al., 2013). Nurses can make arrangements to teach them about the infant care and provide necessary guidance regarding the acceptance of the transition to parenthood. Separate sessions of prenatal along with parenting classes and the groups that provide parenting support for the fathers can give them a chance to discuss about their concerns by meeting some of their demands. Making home visits by the nursing staffs includes assessment time to help adjust the need of the fathers. This intervention can successfully fulfil the gap between the fathers and the infant as they gets less time to spend with their new born baby to meet other demands. The effectiveness of this intervention is to build up a strong communication between the two and thereby granting delights by the response of the infants. It builds a sense of feeling proud and matured with increased self esteem (Liang, 2017). From the following study, it can be said that implementing this strategy towards Steven who recently became father can bring a positive inclination in his parenthood. When the nurse asked him how he would manage if woken up in the morning by the baby, he replied that as he got his golf session his wife would better handle the situation as she had experienced early parenthood . He even confirmed to spend with his family in the weekends if the baby does not cry. Interventions with thorough knowledge about parenthood would effectively build a positive response in Steven towards his infant. References: Alio, A. P., Lewis, C. A., Scarborough, K., Harris, K., Fiscella, K. (2013). A community perspective on the role of fathers during pregnancy: a qualitative study.BMC pregnancy and childbirth,13(1), 60. Bealafeld, L. (2015).Initiating skin-to-skin in the operating room: program planning, implementation, and evaluation(Doctoral dissertation, University of Pittsburgh). Brookes, G., Harvey, K., Mullany, L. (2016). 'Off to the best start'? A multimodal critique of breast and formula feeding health promotional discourse.Gender Language,10(3). Cockcroft, S. (2012). How can family centred care be improved to meet the needs of parents with a premature baby in neonatal intensive care?.Journal of Neonatal Nursing,18(3), 105-110. Dahl, L. (2015). Clinicians Guide to Breastfeeding. Dermott, E. (2014).Intimate fatherhood: A sociological analysis. Routledge. Gbur, M. (2013).Effects of Blackboard on the work-life balance of students and lecturers(Bachelor's thesis, University of Twente). Goldenberg, H., Goldenberg, I. (2012).Family therapy: An overview. Cengage Learning. Gottman, J. M. (2014).What predicts divorce?: The relationship between marital processes and marital outcomes. Psychology Press. Guyer, J., J Millward, L., Berger, I. (2012). Mothers' breastfeeding experiences and implications for professionals.British journal of midwifery,20(10). Holmes, A. V. (2013). Establishing successful breastfeeding in the newborn period.Pediatric Clinics,60(1), 147-168. Kent, J. C., Ashton, E., Hardwick, C. M., Rowan, M. K., Chia, E. S., Fairclough, K. A., ... Geddes, D. T. (2015). Nipple pain in breastfeeding mothers: incidence, causes and treatments.International journal of environmental research and public health,12(10), 12247-12263. Liang, H. (2017).Inside Out Parenting: How to Build Strong Children from a Core of Self-Esteem. Pan Macmillan. Lutz, K. F., Burnson, C., Hane, A., Samuelson, A., Maleck, S., Poehlmann, J. (2012). Parenting Stress, Social Support, and Mother?Child Interactions in Families of Multiple and Singleton Preterm Toddlers.Family relations,61(4), 642-656. Meier, P. P., Patel, A. L., Bigger, H. R., Rossman, B., Engstrom, J. L. (2013). Supporting breastfeeding in the neonatal intensive care unit.Pediatric Clinics,60(1), 209-226. Moore, E. R., Anderson, G. C., Bergman, N., Dowswell, T. (2012). Early skin-to-skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants.Cochrane Database Syst Rev,5(5). Mortensen, ., Torsheim, T., Melkevik, O., Thuen, F. (2012). Adding a baby to the equation. Married and cohabiting women's relationship satisfaction in the transition to parenthood.Family process,51(1), 122-139. Renfrew, M. J., McCormick, F. M., Wade, A., Quinn, B., Dowswell, T. (2012). Support for healthy breastfeeding mothers with healthy term babies.Cochrane Database Syst Rev,5(5). Rollins, N. C., Bhandari, N., Hajeebhoy, N., Horton, S., Lutter, C. K., Martines, J. C., ... Group, T. L. B. S. (2016). Why invest, and what it will take to improve breastfeeding practices?.The Lancet,387(10017), 491-504. Schaffer, R. (2013). Early social development.Becoming a Person,1(5). Simpson, A. C. (2017).Boost Your Breast Milk: An All-in-one Guide for Nursing Mothers to Build a Healthy Milk Supply. Workman Publishing. Wolkoff, S. R. (2014).Paternal Empathy: A Moderating Effect on Maternal Mood and Marital Satisfaction in the Transition to New Parenthood. Adelphi University, School of Social Work.

Section 1 Essays - Progressive Party, Muckraker, Literacy Test

13 Section 1 1. Looking Backward- Novel that made socialism seem like an attractive alternative to the current industrial society. Wobblies- Labor union made by Debs and De Leon. Ida Tarbell - Famous women muckraker. John Dewey- Argued that the value of government actions should be measured by the good they do. Oliver Wendell Holmes- Wrote that the law should not be an absolute set of principles but a tool to meet the needs of society. Muckrakers- Journalists who dug up the mud on a topic. 2. Social gospel- Theory that the church should work to improve society. Pragmatism- Approach to problem solvings that questioned the truth of science. 3. A. Corruption in city government. B. Corrupt business C. Child labor D. Racial discrimination E. Railroads domination of wheat farmers Section 2 1. Gallveston- Costal town that was hit by a massive big juicy hurricane. 17th ammendment- Gave women right to vote. Charles Evans Hughes- Lawyer who uncovered the bribery and huge salaries Payed to family members in the insurance industry. Upton Sinclair- wrote a book called The Jungle that uncovered the unsanitary conditions of the meat processing industry. Muller Vs Oregon- Case that argued that working long hours damaged a womens Health. John Spargo- Wrote a book that depicted the horrible working conditions in child labor. WCTU- Union formed by christian women to enforce temperance. 2. direct primary- Preliminary election where voters vote for who will run for office. Initiative- Allowed a group of citizens to introduce legislation. Referendum- Allowed approved legislation to be submittedto the voters for approval. Recall- Allowed voters to remove an official from office. 3. The food and drug administration, the WCTU and the muckrakers all helped the country become a better place by creating new and trying to enforce old laws to make the USA a less corrrupt and more sanitary place to live and work. Section 3 1. Plessy Vs Ferguson- Case in which the supreme court ruled that segregation was constitutional as long as separate facilities were equal. Booker T Washington- Founded the Tuskagee institute to teach blacks a vriety Of traits. W.E.B. Duboise- Editor of the NAACP's magazine called ?the crisis?. 2. literacy test- Test taken by immigrants to prove that they could read english. 3. Some progressive reforms worked to limit the political power of immigrants by working to get congress to establish laws that would require immigrants to take literacy tests in order to vote. Chapter 14 Section 1 1. Pierpont Morgan- Owned a banking firm that indirectly controlled the Anthracite mines. Expedition Act- Act that supported expeditions to conserve the natural resources. Forest Reserve Act- Act that more than tripled the amount of land set aside for national forests. Hepburn Act- Act that abolished the free pass that the railroad corporations granted to politicians and other important people. Square Deal- A belief that all people have an equal opportunity to succeed through strong personal ethics. 2. Conservation- The planned preservation of natural resources to prevent destruction or neglect. 3. Roosevelt preferred regulation to trust busting because regulations left the honest companies alone and trust busting did nothing to prevent monopolies. Section 2 1. Payne Aldrich Tariff- Tariff that contained high duties on iron ore, coal, and Coal. Richard Ballinger- Reopened for private purchase some of the lands withdrawn while Roosevelt was president. Joeseph Cannon- Anti conservationist who used his power to delay national parks. New Nationalism- A new set of policies declared by roosevelt. The Insurgents- A group of progressive republicans. 2. income tax- Taxes on the income of citizens. 3. A. He didn't want to be president B. He didn't dramatize issues to gain the public's support. Section 3 1. Bull Moose Party- A nickname for the progressive party. New Freedom- Philosophy that viewed monopolies as enemies of free competition. 2. Inheritance Act- Tax on a persons inheritance. 3. Roosevelt left the republican party and formed the progressive party because the progressive party demanded reform and a visible government, rather than an invisible government and a country ran by buisness. Section 4 1. Underwood tariff- Represented the first substantial drop on import duties since 1857. Federal Reserve board- Had over all power of federal banks. Federal trade commision- Commission that regulated and investagated business practices. 2. Rediscount- A small fee paid to the federal reserve by other banks. Price cutting- Where a company deliberatley sells goods at a loss to eliminate competition. Interlocking directorate- Where the same people direct

Free Essays on Judaism

Judaism Judaism first appeared in or around 587 B.C.E., in the Egyptian/Mesopotamian region. Judaism made its start as â€Å"Yahwehism†, the religion of the Israelites. In contrast with modern day Judaism, you can find many similarities, yet there are some major differences. The Israelites were not monotheists, rather they were henotheists, believing in the existence of other gods, but only worshipping one. Most Jews today are strict monotheists, believing in the existence of only one god. The Israelites also only studied and followed the Book of Deuteronomy. Jews today generally follow many of the twenty-four books that make up the Tanak The Pharisees and the Sadducees, though both considered Biblical Judaism, differ in several ways. The Pharisees sometimes called the â€Å"Separate Ones†, follow the Torah and believe in the â€Å"Messiah†. The Pharisees also believe in the â€Å"Final Judgement† and â€Å"resurrection of the dead†. After this final judgement, those who were of good faith and had atonement will go on to â€Å"Paradise†, yet those who were evil will go on to â€Å"Gehenna† or hell. The Sadducees on the other hand, do not believe in any sort of afterlife. For the Sadducees there is no â€Å"Final Judgement†, no Messiah and no resurrections. Around 70 C.E., the Israelites who had been practicing Judaism under Roman rule came under heavy speculation. The Roman’s had placed taxes on Jews and taken money from Jewish temples and this created an outrage. Many Jews began a revolt and after much bloodshed and warfare, the Roman’s overtook the Jews and destroyed a Jerusalem temple. In about 130 C.E., the Roman’s exiled the Jews from Jerusalem. The Kabbalah is a more mystical and mysterious study of Judaism. In one of the writings of the Kabbalah, you find something similar to mathematical equations, which are used for deciphering scriptures. Also when studying the Kabbalah, the focus is placed on the powers of th... Free Essays on Judaism Free Essays on Judaism Judaism, Christianity, Islam and the Baha'i faith all originated with a divine covenant between the God of the ancient Israelites and Abraham around 2000 BCE. The next leader of the Israelites, Moses, led his people out of captivity in Egypt and received the Law from God. Joshua later led them into the Promised Land where Samuel established the Israelite kingdom with Saul as its first king. King David established Jerusalem and King Solomon built the first temple there. In 70 CE the temple was destroyed and the Jews were scattered throughout the world until 1948 when the state of Israel was formed. Jews believe in one creator who alone is to be worshipped as absolute ruler of the universe. He monitors people's activities and rewards good deeds and punishes evil. The Torah was revealed to Moses by God and can not be changed though God does communicate with the Jewish people through prophets. Jews believe in the inherent goodness of the world and its inhabitants as creations of God and do not require a savior to save them from original sin. They believe they are God's chosen people and that the Messiah will arrive in the future, gather them into Israel, there will be a general resurrection of the dead, and the Jerusalem Temple destroyed in 70 CE will be rebuilt. Judaism is the complex expression of a religious and ethnic community, a way of life as well as a set of basic beliefs and values, which is discerned in patterns of action, social order, and culture as well as in religious statements and concepts. The ideal is to remember God in everything one does, through prayer and keeping the commandments. There are many spiritual practices that the Jewish follows as a remainder of their faith and as a way to engage all the senses in awareness of God. Some of these scared practices include: circumcision, Sabbath, eating kosher foods, and Bar Mitzvah. Of all of the commandments in Judaism, the brit milah (literally, Covenant of Circumcision) ... Free Essays on Judaism Judaism Judaism’s origin reflects the myth of history. Judaism is based on the Old Testament, which is common in all bibles used throughout many forms of Christianity as well as Judaism. The Old Testament is full of stories that deliver powerful messages of how the world was created. In Judaism, God is the divine storyteller in the history of the creation story. Adam and Eve were the first living things created. After they ate forbidden fruit, they were banned from the Garden of Eden. As punishment for disobeying God, he sent a terrible flood in which Noah gathered all of the animals in a magnificent arc to save them. Another story was when God sent Moses to free the Jews from slavery. The book of Exodus is another great story of Judaism history. In this book, Moses led his people out of Egypt and received the covenant at Mt Sinai. The Jews roamed the desert for forty years and didn’t find the Promised Land until Moses died. For two hundred years, they didn’t have a solid form of government. The Jews realized they needed a king with an army to defend their nation. God then appointed Saul as the first king of Israel. The formative era followed the biblical era. The destruction of the temple occurred in 70 CE. The Pharisees survived through this and provided new leadership. They wanted to change the priestly model into something that would allow them to practice Judaism in a new land. The Pharisees said that all of the men of the house were priests and the table was the altar. This was the transition from the written torah to the oral tradition. This new priestly tradition established rules that focused on acts of mercy and justice. Rabbinic Judaism emerged between the second and fifth century and the oral torah was written in to what became known as the Talmud. Hillel and Shammai both were teachers of the oral torah. The applied their teachings to everyday life but Shammai’s teachings were much stric... Free Essays on Judaism Judaism Judaism first appeared in or around 587 B.C.E., in the Egyptian/Mesopotamian region. Judaism made its start as â€Å"Yahwehism†, the religion of the Israelites. In contrast with modern day Judaism, you can find many similarities, yet there are some major differences. The Israelites were not monotheists, rather they were henotheists, believing in the existence of other gods, but only worshipping one. Most Jews today are strict monotheists, believing in the existence of only one god. The Israelites also only studied and followed the Book of Deuteronomy. Jews today generally follow many of the twenty-four books that make up the Tanak The Pharisees and the Sadducees, though both considered Biblical Judaism, differ in several ways. The Pharisees sometimes called the â€Å"Separate Ones†, follow the Torah and believe in the â€Å"Messiah†. The Pharisees also believe in the â€Å"Final Judgement† and â€Å"resurrection of the dead†. After this final judgement, those who were of good faith and had atonement will go on to â€Å"Paradise†, yet those who were evil will go on to â€Å"Gehenna† or hell. The Sadducees on the other hand, do not believe in any sort of afterlife. For the Sadducees there is no â€Å"Final Judgement†, no Messiah and no resurrections. Around 70 C.E., the Israelites who had been practicing Judaism under Roman rule came under heavy speculation. The Roman’s had placed taxes on Jews and taken money from Jewish temples and this created an outrage. Many Jews began a revolt and after much bloodshed and warfare, the Roman’s overtook the Jews and destroyed a Jerusalem temple. In about 130 C.E., the Roman’s exiled the Jews from Jerusalem. The Kabbalah is a more mystical and mysterious study of Judaism. In one of the writings of the Kabbalah, you find something similar to mathematical equations, which are used for deciphering scriptures. Also when studying the Kabbalah, the focus is placed on the powers of th...

Analyse the dramatic effectiveness in Act 3, Scene 5 Essay Example for Free (#3)

Analyse the dramatic effectiveness in Act 3, Scene 5 Essay Drama (623) , Romeo and Juliet (446) , Capulet (321) , Lady Capulet (110) , County Paris (19) , Juliet (12) company About StudyMoose Contact Careers Help Center Donate a Paper Legal Terms & Conditions Privacy Policy Complaints Looking closely at the characters and language in Romeo and Juliet, analyse the dramatic effectiveness in Act 3, Scene 5 William Shakespeare wrote â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† in 1954, although the basic plot can be traced back as early as the third century. In the play, Shakespeare relies heavily on the poem â€Å"The Tragicall History of Romeus and Juliet† by Arthur Brooke. Most of the people in the Elizabethan era were perceptive enough to concentrate on how the play was being performed and engaged themselves in the language the characters were using. Shakespeare’s audiences had different expectations towards his play, as many of them recognised the story already, they were settled enough to watch it providing the dramatist’s interpretation proved to be unique and original. I have been looking closely at Act 3, Scene 5 where Romeo and Juliet have just been secretly married. The scene opens with the two lovers having to part quickly after the Nurse informs Juliet her mother is swiftly approaching. Already a dramatic atmosphere is created, the audience is almost waiting for Romeo and Juliet to be caught out, this they know can simply not happen. Juliet is understandably tearful; Romeo is sympathetic towards her, showing he really cares for her: â€Å"I will omit no opportunity That will convey my greetings, love, to thee† All this is in comparison to later scenes in the play showing Juliet solitary and unsupported. Between the two lovers, there is a great difference, Romeo appears more optimistic than Juliet who is full of fear, sensing premonitions of her next seeing Romeo dead in a tomb. Her premonitions affect the audience, making them apprehensive and tense: â€Å"O God, I have an ill- divining soul! Methinks I see thee, now thou art so low As one dead in the bottom of a tomb. † The audience hears these harsh, severe words and are reminded of Romeo’s earlier startling premonition that he would die young: â€Å"†¦. My mind misgives Some consequence not yet hanging in the stars†¦.. By come vile forfeit of untimely death. † A chilling effect is created on those viewing the play as they start to realise and understand the significance of the two premonitions. By looking back into earlier scenes, dramatic effectiveness is created. Juliet uses language that shows how she is fearful of how her life with Romeo could easily be destroyed. She speaks to him strongly, showing a strong contrast to her soft words used previously. The strong bond that has been created between the two lovers before the audience’s eyes is momentarily going to be destroyed; tension is created as an aftermath of this feeling. This tension carries on and becomes hugely greater as the news of County Paris’ proposal is first heard of. The audience watch, already aware of the proposal, as the news is given to an extremely shocked Juliet. They wait anxiously for Juliet’s sake as she learns of it, and so a dramatic effectiveness is cast over them. The scene is made effective by the use of irony from Lady Capulet. As Lady Capulet refers to her â€Å"joyful tidings† and Juliet’s response is ironically a pleased one: â€Å"And joy comes well in such a needy time† But then the audience sees the real reason of Lady Capulet’s announcement and the hesitation of the crucial words proves to be highly dramatic, â€Å"Shall happily make thee there a joyful bride† Juliet’s intense anger would make great drama on stage, she shows her raging reaction well: â€Å"Now by Saint Peter’s church and Peter too He shall not make me there a joyful bride! † Juliet’s response shows exactly how she is feeling about the matter; she does not hold back at all. The audience knows the dilemma she is facing, one of bigamy, they are deeply involved and show much needed sympathy to Juliet. In the conversation that follows the cold and sharp language both Juliet and her mother used are very effective. Both sides address each other very formally, Juliet calling Lady Capulet, â€Å"My Lady†, â€Å"Mother† where Lady Capulet calls Juliet â€Å"girl† and â€Å"child†. This doesn’t seem to be the language one would expect from a close knit and loving family. This could lead to the conclusion that Juliet’s relationship is far from the relationship she has with Romeo; a loving and stable one. When Lord Capulet enters Juliet’s room, it proves to be a significantly dramatic scene because of the violence and fury portrayed by Lord Capulet. He arrives in her room in a threatening manner; his wife shows fear warning us to expect the worst, â€Å"Here comes your father. Tell him so yourself And see how he will take it at your hands. † Lord Capulet does not expect Juliet to disobey him, he would simply expect grateful thanks and obedience from his daughter. He portrays himself as someone who is used to getting his own way and the way that he regards himself as royalty emphasises to his huge ego and elevated formal language,†Have you delivered to our decree? † He shows great enthusiasm as he enters Juliet’s room, he seems delighted with his plan and congratulates himself on stage. Being the only man on stage, he is showing domination and the audience can see that he likes to be in control. He makes the women afraid; his centre role on stage shows this. The language that he uses is indeed very dramatic and effective. He poses questions to Juliet, being sharp and short when he does so showing how bewildered he is, and he vociferously attacks his daughter overwhelming her with numerous with numerous questions which she does not have time to answer, â€Å"How? Will she none? Doth she not give us thanks? † Capulet’s sentence construction is cleverly disjointed emphasising greatly on his anger that is building up rapidly. He shows more of an interest in finding a way to answer Juliet’s questions and his concern is more about his cleverness than the distress of his only daughter. He uses aggressive terms to Juliet, † you greensickness carrion†, † young baggage†, both examples are very aggressive and devegiating. Analyse the dramatic effectiveness in Act 3, Scene 5. (2017, Aug 29). We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you

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