Health and safety hazards to workers

Health and safety hazards to workers In Mauritius, we have five regional hospitals namely: SSRNH, Victoria Hospital, Nehru Hospital, Jeetoo Hospital and Flacq Hospital and other small specialised hospitals such as ENT Hospital, Moka Eye Hospital and Brown Sequard Hospital. Each regional hospital consists of a CSSD unit respectively which cater for the provision of sterile items to the hospital and to health centres which falls under the catchment area of that regional hospital. Although, the CSSD is a small unit in that hospital, its presence and service is of great importance to the healthcare staff, patients and to the public in general. The role of the CSSD is to prevent cross- infection and contamination of the patients, staff and visitors by sterilising all equipment and instruments which aid in providing the best care to the patients. It is time to think about the health and safety of the workers of Central Sterile Supply Department (CSSD). In order to protect and to prevent the staff of the CSSD from injuries and illnesses, it is important to identify the health and safety hazards that are present at each level and in each area of the CSSD. After identification of these hazards is carried out, appropriate preventive measures must be adopted if not to eliminate the hazards completely, but at least to minimise the exposure of the staff to these hazards so that they can work in a safer environment free from injuries, accidents and occupational diseases. For the purpose of this project, the Hazard Identification was carried out at the CSSD of SSRN Hospital. Abbreviations CSSD Central Sterile Supplies Department SSRNH Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam National Hospital PPE Personal Protective Equipment EtO Ethylene Oxide HIV -Human Immunodeficiency Virus OSHA 2005 -Occupational Health and Safety 2005- HBV Hepatitis B Virus MSD Musculoskeletal Disorders 1.0 INTRODUCTION Hospitals are such places where people get treatment for their illnesses, injuries and diseases. Many of these diseases are caused by biological agents such as bacteria, viruses and fungi. Thus, in hospitals there is high incidence of disease-causing micro-organisms which can spread from patient to patient or from patient to health care personnel or from the equipment and other materials that are used while giving care to the patients. It is the duty of the staff not only to cure the diseases of the patients but at the same time to prevent the transmission of diseases from one person to another. An effective measure to prevent spreading of the diseases is in making sure that all the items that are used in the care of the patients are sterile. Many of the instruments and materials used in the hospitals are quite expensive and are so designed that they can be reused. The importance of a CSSD in a hospital is to provide sterile items at the required time and place in the hospital. The CSSD of a hospital receives stores, sterilises and distributes to all the departments including the wards, outpatient department and other special unit such as the operation theatre. The main duty of the CSSD is the sterilisation of items such as catheters, tubings, surgical instruments, treatment trays and sets and dressings materials. Although, CSSD aims at providing sterile items so as to prevent the spread of infection and in some ways to protect hospital staff and patients from biological hazards, the CSSD itself is prone to various hazards. So, to be able to identify the health and safety hazards that workers face, we must first know the activities that are carried out in the CSSD. 2.0 The objectives of the CSSD: To provide sterile gauze packs cotton wool and equipment to all units of the hospital and to Area Health Centers, and Community Health Centers within the catchment area of a regional hospital. To ensure that proper cleaning, disinfecting and sterilising process of items is being carried out in the department. To keep an inventory of all supplies and equipment. To meet the demand of its customers, i.e. different units in supplying the needed amount of sterile items to them. To contribute to a great extent in preventing cross-infection by effective running of the department. To take some of the work of the nursing staff so that they can give more time to the patients. To make expensive equipment which are not used so often reusable. To provide a safe working environment for the staff. 3.0 The organisational structure of the CSSD at SSRNH: The CSSD has manpower of 26 workers: 1 Superintendent, 2 Supervisors, 17 CSSD Assistants and 6 CSSD Attendants. The Head of the Department is the Superintendent and is the one who liaises with other heads of different departments. The supervisors are responsible for monitoring the duties of the assistants and to ensure the smooth running of the unit. They are also responsible for the effective delivery of sterile items to the required units. The CSSD Assistants are those workers who perform most of the duties in the unit. The attendants are mainly concerned with manual handling, collecting and delivering items to other departments of the hospital. An organisational chart is as below: CSSD Superintendent CSSD Supervisors CSSD Assistants CSSD Attendants 4.0 CSSD Design F:ImagesP2108_26-04-10.JPG 5.0 The Sterile Supply Cycle 6.0 The different areas of the CSSD The CSSD is divided into four major areas: Sorting and Decontamination Assembly and Packaging Sterilising Sterile Storage and Distribution 1. Sorting and Decontamination Area: Here the instruments are cleaned and washed. For the purpose of cleaning and washing, chemical detergents and disinfectants such as javel, alcohol and soaps are used. The instruments are washed in basin using plenty amount of water. It is only after this process that the instruments are safe to be handled. Also, sorting of instruments is carried out, disassembling of the instruments is done when needed and the CSSD assistants inspect the items for cleanliness and damage. 2. Assembly and Packaging Area: Following decontamination, the items are further sorted, reassembled and packaged. Here, reusable linens such as surgical gowns, green sheets drapes are packed in individual special wrapping paper. Cotton wool rolls are place in carton boxes. Gauze pieces are cut into smaller sizes and are wrapped individually. Clean instruments are placed in trays (either small or large depending on the surgical intervention during which they are going to be used) and are then packed in double wrapping papers. Autoclave tapes are used to hold the surgical items packed for sterilisation intact. These tapes have white indicator lines which turn to black lines after sterilization, thus helping the user to make sure that the pack is sterile. 3. The Sterilising Area Here the packed items then undergo a process known as sterilization. This involves the killing of any potential pathogen on the items. Normally, several methods of sterilisation exit but steam and ethylene oxide sterilization are most commonly used. 4. Sterile Storage and Distribution Area The sterile items are then stored in the storage area arranged neatly on different shelves. From there, the sterile items are then distributed to respective units. 7.0 The Sterilising Process: The CSSD attendants collect used instruments and equipment, empty carton boxes for cotton wool and the CSSD book (in which the head of the unit jots down the number of each sterile items he needs) from respective units of the hospital. With the introduction of new technologies, old methods of sterilisation such as boiling and vaporization have been replaced by two main methods of sterilization namely: 1. Autoclaving, i.e. steam sterilisation 2. Gas sterilisation using ethylene oxide. The items that are sterilised in the CSSD are: Cloth, i.e. green sheets drapes Gauze Cotton wool Instruments Pre-sterilisation Prior to sterilisation, all the items must be prepared through a process known as pre-sterilisation. The pre-sterilisation process for the items that have to be sterilised is as follows: 1. Cloth The clean linen are folded, and then wrapped in a special paper. The packed linen is then sealed with autoclaves tape. 2. Gauze The gauze are cut into uniform pieces and made into either large gauze or small gauze. They are then packed in paper into individual packs and are sealed with autoclave tapes. 3. Cotton wool The cotton wool is made into small rolls from large bundles and placed in small carton boxes which are then sealed on the sides with autoclave tapes. 4. Instruments The instruments are first checked for soil, they are then washed and placed in trays or individual sets depending on the requisition of the respective unit. They are then packed in double special paper wrappers and sealed with autoclave tapes. Sterilisation It is a process used to make a medium free from micro-organisms including bacterial spores. Sterilisation can be done through heat, chemicals, irradiation and high pressure. In the CSSD at SSRNH, two types of sterilisation is being used: Gas Sterilisation Steam Sterilisation Gas Sterilisation Using ethylene oxide. This method of sterilization can be used to sterilise those items that can withstand temperatures of 50-60ËÅ ¡C. A long period of aeration is required to remove all traces of ethylene oxide. Autoclaving, i.e. Steam Sterilisation It is the most reliable process of sterilization. It sterilises with steam under pressure. The high pressure also ensures saturation of wrapped surgical packs. Autoclaving is one of the most effective methods for destruction of all types of micro-organisms. The amount of time and degree of temperature necessary for sterilisation depend on the articles to be sterilised. 8.0 LITERATURE REVIEW The aims of Occupational Health and Safety are: To promote and maintain a high degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in their respective workplace; To prevent adverse effects on the health of the workers that can be due to the working conditions; To protect the workers at their workplace from risks resulting from factors adverse to health; To provide the workers with such working environment that suits their physical and mental needs; the adaptation of work to humans. We can thus say that occupational health and safety englobes the social, mental and physical well-being of workers. A healthy workplace means a safe workplace where the workers will be in an environment where the hazards exposure is quite minimised if not eliminated completely. Occupational health and safety is important as: Work plays a major role in peoples lives, since most workers spend at least eight hours a day in the workplace. Therefore, work environments should be safe and healthy. But, this is not the case for many workers. Every day workers all over the world face many health hazards, such as: dusts gases noise vibration extreme temperatures. As a result of the hazards and a lack of attention given to health and safety, work-related accidents and diseases are common in all parts of the world. Appropriate and effective workplace health and safety programmes can help to protect the workers by reducing hazards and their consequences. Health and safety programmes can also have positive effects on both worker morale and productivity and can thus be beneficial to the organisation. At the same time, effective programmes can save employers a great deal of money. There are many hazards that might exist in any workplace such as: chemical hazards in the form of liquids, solids, dusts, fumes, vapours and gases; physical hazards, such as noise, vibration, unsatisfactory lighting, radiation and extreme temperatures; biological hazards, such as bacteria, viruses and fungi; psychological hazard as a result of stress and strain; hazards related to the non-application of ergonomic principles, like badly designed machinery, mechanical devices and tools that will be used by workers, improper seating and workstation design, or poorly designed work practices. Workers often get work-related health problems and do not realise that the problems are related to their work, particularly when an occupational disease, for example, is in the early stages. Besides the other more obvious benefits of training, such as skills development, hazard recognition, etc., a comprehensive training programme in each workplace will help workers to: recognise early signs/symptoms of any potential occupational diseases before they become permanent conditions; assess their work environment; insist that management to make changes before hazardous conditions can develop. Previous research on CSSD shows that: According to Linda Clement, Items processed in the decontamination areas are potentially pathogenic and pose a potential exposure risk to employees working in these areas. She also stated that to prevent cross contamination, good infection prevention processes must be put into practice. Also, the housekeeping procedures should be the same as those that are used in operation theatre and delivering rooms and that all horizontal working surfaces and the floors should be cleaned daily. The medical equipment poses a risk of exposure to blood and bodily soils, and other safety hazards before or during processing. So, appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) should be worn by the workers, they should adopt good work practices and have to follow the manufacturers instructions. Whether it is a sterilizer, a washer/disinfector, an endoscope or a surgical instrument, it is best to follow the device manufacturers instructions found in operator manuals and other product documentation for h andling, operation, cleaning and disinfecting medical equipment. As per John Brown, All personnel working in the decontamination area should wear clean, facility-provided uniforms that are donned at the facility. Also, workers should use general purpose utility gloves, gown, a surgical face mask and goggles while working in the decontamination area. During maintenance procedures, additional PPE is necessary including eye protection and steel-toed shoes should be worn at all times to protect from sharp and heavy objects from causing injury to workers feet. Leather gloves while handling potentially sharp objects, stainless steel panels and plumbing piping gloves and heat-resistant arm sleeves must be worn while working around steam piping and face shield when using cleaning chemicals. (Infection Control Today-Jennifer Schraag April 08) 8.1 HEALTH AND SAFETY HAZARDS: 8.1.1 Safety The primary areas of potential hazards include environmental, electrical, mechanical, chemical, biological, fire and physical. The work performed in the CSSD need special attention to avoid injury to the workers and sometimes visitors such as nursing staff. Most workplace injuries and accidents are caused by neglect, carelessness or lack of understanding of the principles of safety. Safety is every workers responsibility so as protects oneself and also the equipment in the CSSD which is governments property. 8.1.2 Chemical Hazard These hazards are present when a worker is exposed to any chemicals in the workplace, be it solid, liquid or gas. Some of these chemicals are safer than others, but some workers who are sensitive to chemicals, even those that are commonly used solutions can cause illness, skin irritation or breathing problems. In the decontamination area, the use of chemicals for cleaning purposes is necessary. These chemicals are caustic soda, javel, methyl spirit, soaps and detergents. Exposure may result when the workers do not use necessary personal protective equipment (PPE) while handling these hazardous chemicals found in soaps, disinfectors and cleaners. Exposure to these substances can cause contact dermatitis, excoriation of the skin and ulcers. Prolonged and persistent exposure may end up in allergic reactions or hypersensitivity. 8.1.3Ethylene Oxide (EtO) Hazards EtO possesses several physical and health hazards that really need much attention. EtO is a liquid below 51.7ËÅ ¡ F, or a gas that has ether-like odour at concentrations above 700 parts per million (ppm) and is both flammable and highly reactive. The current OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) to EtO is 1ppm for an 8-hour time weighted average. Normally, EtO sterilization is done for items which cannot be exposed to steam sterilization. Exposure hazards normally results from improper ventilation in ethylene oxide chamber after the sterilising process, during off-gassing of sterilized items or due to leakage from pipe connection. Hazards can also occur when removing sterilized items from the sterilizer or even when changing bottles of EtO gas. Health effects of EtO are: Eye irritation and injury to cornea, frostbite and on prolonged skin exposure, severe irritation and blistering of the skin can happen. Gastric irritation and injury to the liver can result from accidental ingestion of EtO. Inhalation of EtO vapours may cause respiratory irritation and lung injury, headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, shortness of breath and cyanosis. Risk of cancer, adverse reproductive effects and chromosomal damage can result from prolonged exposure to EtO. 8.1.4 Biological Hazard In the decontamination area, workers may be injured from contaminated sharp instruments such as needles and scalpels, while sorting, cleaning and washing. Soiled, reusable instruments are considered to be contaminated with bacteria and other micro-organisms, which can cause illness to the staff. Exposure to infected material can cause diseases such as Viral Hepatitis and HIV. Contamination is liable to occur due to presence of blood borne pathogens found in soiled drapes and pointed objects, e.g needles. Hepatitis B is transmitted through contact with the blood or body fluid of an infected person on soiled drapes or surgical instruments which in turn land up in the CSSD for sterilisation. 8.1.5 Ergonomics related hazards When the physical requirements of a job and the physical capacity of a worker do not match, it can cause in work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSD). Ergonomic hazards occur when the type of work, body position and working conditions put strain on the body. A worker will not notice the strain immediately .For short-term exposure, a worker can get sore muscles the next day or in the days following exposure, but long term exposure can end in serious long-term injuries. These hazards may be due to: bad lighting not properly adjusted workstations and chairs frequent lifting bad posture repetitive awkward movements too much force is needed to do a work and it has to be done quite often. In the CSSD, workers are exposed to repetitiveness of works, prolonged standing and reaching out while sorting instruments, uncomfortable sitting postures on chairs which are non-ergonomically designed during trimming of gauze and putting cotton wool rolls in boxes. The workers have to bend frequently while lifting heavy loads, need to reach high storage shelves or need to push or pull heavy carts loaded with sterile or unsterile items, all this can lead to MSD. Contact trauma to forearm can also occur if the workers the wrists are placed on hard surfaces. 8.1.6 Physical Hazards These are the most common and can be present in most workplaces at anytime. They include unsafe conditions that can cause injury, illness and death. Sometimes bad working practices are used so often that they become the routine works habits and might be not considered as hazards to workers. But still these hazards cannot be accepted in a workplace. Physical hazards include: electrical hazards constant loud noise high exposure to heat slips/trips and falls. Burns and cuts Workers are exposed to burns and cuts during handling of hot sterilised items or sharp instruments when removing them from autoclaves. Slips/Trips/Falls Exposure to slippery floors can occur to spills of detergents and presence of water on the floors while cleaning and washing of instruments is being done in the decontamination area. In the sterilizing area because of the use of steam in autoclaving processes, the environment inside the room will be humid and may cause the floor to be slippery. Electrical Hazards All electrical devices should be inspected upon arrival in the CSSD. Improper grounding and earthing facilities can prove to be dangerous. Regular maintenance and repairs of the equipment in the CSSD should be documented and proper records should be maintained. Electrical cords lying on the floors can cause workers to trip over them and the cords can also be exposed to wet floors and cause electrocution. The use of extension cords should be avoided and electrical sockets should not be installed next to washing basins or near any source of water. Unsafe electrical installations by incompetent persons can give rise to electrical hazards. All electrical installations should have protective devices such as circuit breakers, fuses, Residual Current Devices so that the electrical equipment are safe from overvoltage and excessive current. Unsafe work practices can lead to electrical accidents. Heat Exposure to hot environment can lead to heat stress, heat exhaustion, and cramps. This can happen when workers are unloading items once autoclaving is completed. As autoclaving uses steam, the atmosphere in the sterilising area becomes very moist and the temperature in that unit is quite raised when the autoclaves are in operation. The workers feel very hot and also very uncomfortable to work in such conditions. Sweaty palms, fogged-up safety glasses and dizziness caused by the heat can increase risk of injuries in workers. Burns can also occur due to accidental contact with hot surfaces of autoclaves or with accidental opening of the autoclave door or due to improper closing of the door causing steam to escape. Fire Hazards EtO is used for gas sterilising. EtO is a highly flammable gas and improper ventilation system and leakage of the gas-line can cause accumulation of EtO in the CSSD, the use of cigarettes by staff in addition to the EtO in the air may cause a fire outbreak or even an explosion. Improper storage of flammable gases and liquids can have adverse effects and may result in fire. Improper maintenance of electrical equipment and aging electrical cords, with the presence of water can be a source of static electricity, sparks or minor combustion which can ultimately lead to a fire due to presence of large amount of combustible materials such as gauze, linen cotton, boxes, and paper wrappers in the CSSD. 8.1.7 Latex Allergy Workers normally wear latex gloves during handling and sorting of contaminated instruments and equipment is done. Some workers can develop allergy to the latex. 9.0 LEGISLATION The only legislative body concerned with the health and safety of workers in Mauritius is the Occupational Health and Safety Act 2005. The Superintendent, Supervisors and all the CSSD staff should be familiar with this Act as each worker will know about his rights and what work he should or should not do as per law and what protection he should have for doing a particular task. 10.0 RECOMMENDATIONS General Recommendations: An effective measure to prevent workers from hazards exposure is regular job rotation to different areas of the CSSD. The employees should be provided with gowns, hair covers and shoe covers while at work. During cleaning and washing of equipments, the workers should be provided with rubber gloves and aprons. While removing carts and trays from the hot sterilisers leather gloves should be worn by the staff. Frequent hand washing with good hand washing techniques will contribute to a great extent in preventing cross-infection. It is highly recommended to the workers not to wear any jewels, e.g. rings and nail varnish while washing the instruments and while packing the items for sterilisation. Workers must adopt safe work practices so as to prevent accidents, injuries and illnesses. Taking the necessary safety precautions while performing the required task can practically eliminate associated dangers. It is the duty of all workers to comply with specific health and safety precautions so to protect themselves from any hazard that might be present in the CSSD. Recommendations for Chemical Hazards: Goggles must be worn when washing and cleaning instruments as there is risk of chemicals being splashed into the eyes. Appropriate PPE such as gloves, goggles, splash aprons should be worn by workers so as to protect them while using detergents and chemicals in the decontamination area. In case of splash of chemicals into the eyes, the workers should flush the eyes immediately for at least 15 mins. Thus, suitable facilities for eye flashing should e situated within the working area. Recommendations for EtO Use proper ventilation especially for the Eto Room Local exhaust ventilation system should be installed. Workers exposure to EtO should be minimised when sterilization is being carried out The door of the sterilizer should be opened no more than two inches to allow the load to off gas before transferring them to carts. Installation of a ventilated exhaust hood installation would be very useful. For changing of cylinders, appropriate PPE such as butyl apron, gloves, and a canister respirator is recommended. Recommendations for Biological Hazards: Use protective glove for cleaning and decontamination, shoes should be closed and resistant to puncture, goggles for eye, face mask or face shield and plastic apron. Training in of handling of sharp equipment should be given to the workers. Engineering and Work Practice Controls must be the primary means used to eliminate or minimize exposure to blood borne pathogens. Engineering Controls are measures (e.g., sharps disposal containers, self-sheathing needles, and safer medical devices, such as sharps injury protections) that isolate or remove the blood borne pathogens hazard from the workplace. Use of resistant puncture sharp containers with biohazard symbol. Container to be filled to the mark and the container should not have any leakage. Recommendations for Ergonomics Related Hazards Workstation need to be redesigned so packaging and equipment are within reachable levels and the elbows are maintained close to the body. The wheels for the carts should be such that they are easily rolled. Prolonged overhead activity need to be minimised (e.g. storage shelves should be lowered to shoulder height). Height-adjustable work surfaces should be used or tables have to be lifted to minimise head tilt. Repetitive tasks should be prevented by rotating workers to different work area. The edge of the working surfaces which come into contact with the elbow or forearm should be padded to prevent contact trauma. Sit/stand stools may be provided in the working area. Anti-fatigue mats have to be used. Shoes with well-cushioned insteps and soles should be worn by workers in case there is no floor mats. Foot rest bar should be provided to the staff so can they continually alter their posture by raising one foot. Padded Work Surfaces Padded Work Surfaces Recommendations for Burns and Cuts Good work practices should be established to prevent hazards: Hot items should not be removed from sterilisers until they are cooled. Handling of sharp ends of instruments should be avoided. Forceps should be used to remove sharp instruments from baskets and autoclaves Leather gloves should be provided to workers for handling of hot items. Recommendations to prevent from burning with Autoclave: Unloading Autoclave Heat-insulating gloves, safety glasses/face shield and closed toed shoes should be worn while unloading autoclaves. Workers must make sure that the pressure of the chamber is 0 before they open the door. Workers should stand back away from the door as a precaution and carefully open the door not more than 1 inch (2.5 cm) so as to allow residual steam to escape and to the allow pressure within the liquids and containers are back to normal. Sterilised items should be allowed to stand for 10 minutes. This will allow the steam to clear and also allow trapped air to escape from hot liquids, reducing risk . (Note: This is built into the operating cycle on some of the autoclaves). Containers of super-heated liquids should not be agitated and caps must not be removed before unloading. When hot items are removed from the autoclave, they should be marked with warning sign (e.g. Caution: Hot. Do not touch.) till the items cools down to room temperature.. Recommendations for Slips, Trips and Falls: Floors should be kept clean and dry. For wet floor areas warning signs should be placed. Proper drainage should be done during wet processes and floors mats, dry standing places should be available and waterproof footgear can also be worn by the workers. All working area should be kept clean and in an orderly manner. All aisles and passageways should be and free from any obstruction. Floor plugs for equipment to prevent power cords from running across pathways. All exits should be free from any obstruction. Access to exits doors should be easily reachable. Slip resistant shoes should be worn. Spills need to be reported and cleaned immediately. Uneven floor surfaces should be eliminated. Recommendations for Electrical hazard: Avoid using extension cords. All cords should have a grounded, three-prong, hospital-grade plug. A cracked cord should be replaced immediately. No accumulation of water should be allowed near an electrical outlet. According to OSHA 2005 Clause 73,all electrical apparatuses and conductors including machines, equipment and fittings shall be sufficient in size and power for the work for which they are used and shall be constructed, installed, protected, worked and maintained so as to prevent danger. Recommendations for hazards related to Heat: Since, the place of work is quite hot; workers should wear light-coloured and

Rhetorical analysis of “Migration on Ice” Essay

â€Å"Migration, on Ice: How Globalization Kills Chickens for Their Parts† is an article that was written by Malia Wollan, a regular contributor to that New York Times. The article was originally published in an issue of a magazine called Meatpaper, a magazine devoted to discussing the policies, ethics and other issues that surround meat. Although Ms. Wollan does not have a direct call to action in the article, it’s argument is that globalization of the meat industry has a lot of ill effects on the people on the receiving end, in addition to it’s obvious benefit of cheap meat. The article uses the persuasive tactics of ethos, logos and pathos throughout in order to establish credibility with the reader and direct them to the conclusion that she wants. The author uses Ethos effectively throughout the article. There was obviously a lot of research done about the topic, including personal interviews and statistical analysis. She wants the reader to think the globalization of the meat industry is essentially unethical. She writes, â€Å"In a country where more than 30 percent of the population lives in poverty, cheap protein is both a blessing and a curse. On the one hand, it provides affordable nutrition. On the other, it eliminates livelihoods.† I think that this quote appeals to the ethics of the reader and provides them with some form of proof that this practice should change. She also interviews chicken farmers in Ghana whose lives have been ruined by this importation of chicken, further appealing to the ethical side of the reader. Overall, Ms. Wollan seems to be making a fair request in the article. It appears that she is very knowledgeable about the subject and that she is a trusted source and isn’t trying to misl ead the reader.

Insanity Essay - 921 Words

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Insane is meant to be the opposite, sick or of unsound mind. # In the court of law, the jury must prove that at the time of the crime, the defendant was not in a sane mind. The attorneys job is to prove without a doubt, that the defendant was not in control of their actions, at the time the crime was committed. Once this is done and the verdict is given, if found guilty by reason of insanity, the person is usuallyRead MoreThe Defense Of The Insanity Defense1706 Words   |  7 PagesThe insanity defense has been used in several cases in criminal law. This defense basically states that the accused cannot be held responsible for what he/she did because they had no control over their actions. Many times the defense attorney will plea for a deal that the defendant be sent to a mental rehabilitation center for proper treatment. When using this defense the defense attorney will argue that there may be a chemical imbalance in his brain therefore he had no idea what he was doing at

The use of psychological testing in recruitment - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1357 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Psychology Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Introduction The purpose of this review is to highlight the benefits of using psychological testing for the purpose of recruitment. This review focuses specifically on the importance of psychological testing so that an organisation can get the most suitable candidate for the job. Psychological testing is also known as cognitive ability employment testing and Job fit assessment. History of psychological testing Psychological testing is one of the oldest, and perhaps most contentious, selection tools (Roberts, 2005, p.132). The emergence of psychological testing can be traced back to 500 BC. Psychological tests can be defined as Psychometrics to indicate that they are concerned with identifying the psychological characteristics of people (psycho-) and putting a value (-metric) against such characteristics (Roberts, 2005, p.132). The two main types of psychometric testing most commonly used are tests of ability (divided into achievement tests, aptitude tests, and intelligence tests) and tests of personality (e.g. Big Five: Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The use of psychological testing in recruitment" essay for you Create order Why use psychological testing? Human capital is the most valuable asset an organisation can have. The quality and calibre of the work force will determine the competitiveness of an organisation. There is a growing recognition that attracting and retaining talented employees can provide organisations with a sustained competitive advantage. The Managing director of Mckinsey and Co, Rajat Gupta, describes the search for outstanding people as the war for talent (Singh 2001). Greater competition for talented employees has made organizations more aware that recruitment and selection are key functions of human resource management (HRM). Reliability of psychological testing If a Human Resource Manager chooses to include a written cognitive ability tests as part of the process for selecting new employees from a large applicant pool, he or she can be virtually certain that: the set of employees hired using these tests will complete training more quickly and more successfully and will perform their core job tasks better than a set of employees selected without using tests of this sort (Schmidt Hunter, 1998) Cognitive ability test scores also predict outcomes in all jobs including overall job performance, objective leadership effectiveness, and assessments of creativity. Looking across the results of multiple meta-analyses, estimates of the average validity of general mental ability for predicting job performance (corrected for range restriction and measurement error in the criterion) converge around .50 (Ones et al., 2005). The strength of the relationship between test scores and performance increases as training and jobs become more cognitively comp lex (Ones et al., 2005; Schmidt Hunter, 1998). Examples of application of psychological testing for recruitment purposes CASE#1 The job candidate seemed so right in the interview: sharp, well-dressed, articulate, lots of references. But three weeks into the job, it became clear he just wasnt what he seemed to be. Ronald Waln, an industrial-organizational psychologist, makes a business of helping businesses avoid this scenario. His Wichita Company, Assessment Strategies Inc., offers testing services to help businesses screen prospective employees and verify that they have the right personality for the job. Since 1982, he has worked with Kansas companies and government agencies to help them pick the right candidate for the job. Richard Coe, owner of Coe Financial Services said. Im a small company and its very important to make the right decision. The testing provided by Assessment Strategies Inc gives me information that Im not going to get in an interview. Waln said, I work with a job description provided by the client and select the appropriate tests to provide the guidance theyre looking for. In general, w hat youre examining is personality match to the job, work ethic and leadership characteristics. avoiding turnover saves money, said Gary Richards, Operations Manager of J.R. Custom Metal Products, a West Wichita manufacturing company Companies sometimes dont realize the cost of turnover, but it is a pile of money, CASE#2 Selecting the most suitable applicants for the job of law enforcement officer is a costly endeavour. Personnel costs consume about 85 precent of the local law enforcement agency budget (Bradford, 1998). The New York Police Department estimates that each new officer costs about $500,000 (Decicco, 2000). According to Cochrane et al. (2003), it costs a large metropolitan police department approximately $100,000 to train each new police recruit. Further, Fitzsimmons (1986) reported that it costs a major city almost a half million dollars for each hiring error that results in an unsuitable officer. Millions of dollars have been lost through litigation because of discriminatory hiring practices (Horstman, 1976). Beyond the monetary loss and waste of human resources that accompany an erroneous hiring decision and, more importantly, is the significant liability to both the public safety and the integrity of the hiring agency of selecting an applicant that is unqualified for the job of law enforcement officer. Additionally, not selecting a suitable individual for reasons unrelated to the essential functions of the job (e.g., age, sex, ethnicity, etc.), intentionally or not, reflects a major social injustice and is illegal (e.g., employment discrimination). The financial investment in getting a probationary officer on the street as well as the financial liability of selecting the wrong individual for the job highlights the importance of the selection process. Psychological screening alone costs more than $150 per police officer applicant (Ash, Slora, Britton, 1990) and is a standard practice in most law enforcement agencies (Varela, Boccaccini, Scogin, Stump, and Caputo). Considerations when conducting Psychological testing 1. The test takers perception of a psychological test can impact the outcome of the test. For example, Researchers have consistently found that confidence can and does matter to ability-test performance (e.g., Ackerman and Kanfer, 1993). Here, we focus on this kind of S-E, which is defined as applicants beliefs in their capabilities to perform well on cognitive ability employment tests. 2. Even if ability measures are correlated with academic and work performance, perhaps test scores only matter to a certain point. For example, people with exceptionally high scores may not perform any better than those with merely high scores. Under these circumstances, the relationship between test scores and performance would be curvilinear and there would be a ceiling on scores beyond which having a higher score would not correspond to increased performance. Psychometric tests-which gauge a persons personality, aptitude or intelligence-are recognized as legitimate predictors of job perform ance. Personality tests, for example, deliver a general view of an individuals habits, attitudes and values. How well you handle new employees during their first three months on the job determines whether they become productive, long-term staff members or washouts. Conclusion Any organisation conducting a psychology test should understand that, although these tests are highly effective, they should be used in a multi-faceted selection process. Research suggests that although recruitment can be undertaken without psychological testing, it is essential; often critical to screen prospective employees with the help of this method. For example, certain organisations such as the Police force, Government security agencies, NASA etc. have this as mandatory selection criteria. Annie Murphy Paul, author of The Cult of Personality: How Personality Tests Are Leading Us to Miseducate Our Children, Mismanage Our Companies, and Misunderstand Ourselves. The reality is that people are complicated, contradictory, and changeable across time and place. The tests strike the Texas State Employees Unions Gross as a possible means of hunting for compliant workers. He wondered how much taxpayer money the cancer centre spent developing such a tool and calls it a fancy prod uct looking for a problem. The key question but if the tests are valid and reliable in identifying successful employees, theyre likely cost-effective, given the money institutions pay out as a result of turnover and lawsuits from disgruntled ex-workers. Whether theyre valid and reliable is the key question. M.D. Anderson already thinks so. Shibu Varghese, M.D. Andersons vice president of human resources, says that so far, people who have scored high on the test have gone on to do particularly well on performance evaluations. Christiane Spitzmuller, a University of Houston industrial psychologist, acknowledges some inappropriate tests have caused problems. But she says the majority of personality tests dont, particularly if theyve been constructed after measuring job performance, then empirically collecting data on a set of questions that predict a relationship between the two. She foresees the use of such tests only increasing in the future. Parking lot

The Impact Of United States On America - 927 Words

Introduction For a long period, Americans have been trying to explore the benefits that have been since the individual States of America joined to form what currently known as United States of America. Although various ideas have been presented to support both sides of the story, I believe that the positive impacts that United States had on America outweigh the adverse effects. Political, cultural, social and technological advances that have witnessed in America over the centuries have contributed to the United States growth. This paper seeks to discuss the impacts that the United States had on the Americans from approximately 1880s to present. Effects of United States on the economy and cultural values of America? By considering the history of America, one can recognize that the formation of the United States in the 18th century marked the beginning of the economic prowess. That United State has been enjoying. In the 1880s, the economy of the United States grew extensively as the new states transformed from being rural agricultural lands to urban industrial giants. Most of the states established urban industries, and this made America the chief manufacturing country in the world. Railway lines set in several countries and this boomed the economy of America at large. United States has positively impacted the culture of some American people, but Negative effect Texas, Cuba, Mexico, and Guatemala was impacted because they were in the way of growth for the UnitedShow MoreRelatedThe United States And Its Impact On America Essay1488 Words   |  6 Pages19th century, there was a common belief that God had destined The United S tates to expand entirely across the North American continent, and eventually across the entire Western Hemisphere. They believed that what they were doing was justifiable, because they believed that God was telling them to do this. It had a huge impact on who America is today as a country and if the expansion had not occurred, it is easy to believe that America would not be the thriving and successful country that it is now.Read MoreThe Impact Of Internet On The United States Of America1024 Words   |  5 Pages In the 1960s the government of the United States of America (USA) requested computer scientists to conduct research into building communication via computer networks, (Wikipedia, 2016).This research gave rise to the origins of the internet which is now regarded as a global computer network that provides a variety of information and communication facilities. This global network consists of millions of different types of computers that maybe desktop or mobile, hardwired or wireless and for personalRead MoreThe Impact Of Immigration On The United States Of America Essay1707 Words   |  7 Pageseighteen boarded a ship leaving their homeland of Chiette Abruzzi, Italy. Headed for a nation they had only heard about in the newspapers, each member of the family bore their own excitement and reservation. The history of immigration to the United States of America was seen at unprecedented numbers during the late eighteen hundreds and early twentieth century. Families from Italy, Ireland, Germ any, Poland, and numerous other nations flocked to the west by the millions, in hopes of discovering a newRead MoreThe Fedex And Its Impact On The United States Of America Essay3335 Words   |  14 Pagesseen everywhere. Federal Express is known as FedEx. It is an express transportation company which was founded by Fredrick Wallace Smith in the early 70’s. FedEx is headquartered in Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America. Amidst Smith’s college days, he began to descry that the United States was conforming itself to become a service aligning economy. It was longing for a candid overnight service driven company, which would be designed to conveyor packages and essential documents. While givingRead MoreImpact Of The American Revolution On The United States Of America1262 Words   |  6 PagesThe United States revolution is one of the most important revolutions to occur in history because it can be seen as the most significant revolution to transpire in modern time. This can be shown through the role that the revolution had in creating the country that we know today. Why was it that the American Revolution occurs, was it for independence or was it based on something else? In the American Revolution there were many leaders who aided in creating the United States, who were they and whatRead MoreTerrorist Attacks And Its Impact On The United States Of America Essay1295 Words   |  6 Pagesthe United States of America. This is more commonly known as 9/11, hence the 11th of September. 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These chain of events that have changed US history and have had wideRead MoreGuns Have Impact On The United States Of America Essay2019 Words   |  9 Pagesmajor role in shaping and constructing the United States of America to the way it is today. In the early times of United States history, the founding fathers set in stone that every man has the right to bear arms. In recent years there have been numerous politicians that have been fighting to take that right away from us. The Second Amendment to the Unites States Constitution states, â€Å"A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bearRe ad MoreIsis s Impact On The United States Of America2291 Words   |  10 PagesBen Rodkey Glaser English 10 3-4-15 ISIS ISIS has been a rapidly increasing threat to not just the United States of America, but the entire world. ISIS has done countless brutal, sick, heart wrenching things that have caused a national and international uproar in the citizens of numerous countries. ISIS considers them the Islamic State, and they seem to have many motives. They basically want a large portion of the Middle east under ISIS control and for the rest of the world to accept their disgustingRead MoreThe Great Impact On Native American Nation And The United States Of America1767 Words   |  8 Pagesuncivilized we as a people can become. However, the greatest and most crucial feud of all was between the entire Native American Nation and the United States of America. This war of hate and disrespect towards tribes of people and their culture is uncalled for and has left a stain that will last forever in time. We choose not to realize the great impact it had on the Native American Nation, and most of what really happ ened is not mentioned in the text books that we have today. Instead we focus more

Regina V. G and Another Case Brief Free Essays

Case Title: Regina v. G and another (Appellants) (On Appeal form the Court of Appeal (Criminal Division)) Citation: [2003] UKHL 50 Procedural History (PH): The appellants were charged on 22nd August 2000; without lawful excuse damaged by fire; commercial premises and being reckless as to whether such property would be damaged. The appellants stood trial before Judge Maher in March 2001. We will write a custom essay sample on Regina V. G and Another Case Brief or any similar topic only for you Order Now The appellants’ case at trial was that they expected the fire to extinguish itself on the concrete. It was accepted that neither of them conceived that there was any risk of the fire spreading. At the start of the trial submissions were made on the meaning of â€Å"recklessness†. The judge ruled that he was bound to direct the jury in accordance with R v Caldwell . The Judge then directed the jury on the three matters he listed. The jury was unable to come to a decision on the same day but returned on another day and convicted the appellants. Upon receiving the verdict the judge adjourned the proceedings for a pre-sentence report. The judge made a one year supervision in the case of each appellant. Facts: On the night of 21st -22nd August 2000, the appellants, then aged 11 and 12 respectively went camping without the permission of their parents’, they entered the back yard of the Co-op Shop in Newport Pagnell. They lit some newspapers that they had found. Both defendants threw some lit newspaper under a large plastic wheelie-bin. The defendants left the yard before putting the fire to rest. As a result the newspapers caught fire to the first wheelie-bin which then spread to the other wheelie-bin then spread to the eave, guttering, fascia and the roof and eventually spread to the adjoining buildings. The damages approximated to a sum of 1million Pounds Sterling. Issues: 1. Did the defendant damage by fire the building and the commercial premises? 2. Would the risk created by the defendant been obvious to an ordinary, reasonable, bystander? 3. Had the defendant given any thought to the possibility of there being a risk in doing what he did? Judgment: The Appellants succeeded in having their conviction quashed. By the reasons given by Lord Bingham of Cornhill, with the support of Lord Browne-Wilkinson, Lord Steyn, Lord Hutton, and Lord Rodger of Earlsferry. Rule(s) of Law: 1. Did the defendant damage by fire the building and the commercial premises? The appellant did damage the building and commercial premises by fire. During the proceedings, the judge pointed out that there was no doubt in the appellants damaging the building and premises by fire. 2. Would the risk created by the defendant have been obvious to an ordinary, reasonable, bystander? It is accepted that the reasonable bystander is an adult with no particular expertise with the common knowledge and reasoning capabilities. The jury agreed that the reasonable bystander would have been able to foresee the possibility of the fire spreading. Thus the appellants were convicted under standing test . The jury was inclined to accept that intention could be shown by proof of reckless disregard of an act perceived by the reasonable man as a risk. 3. Had the defendant given any thought to the possibility of there being a risk in doing what he did? It was agreed on appeal that the boys did not foresee any risk of the fire spreading in the way it eventually did. Many leading academic writers on English criminal law have believe that the criminal law should punish people only for those consequences of their acts, which they foresaw at the relevant time. Supporting Argument: Actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea. Actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea translates to; the act does not make a person guilty unless the mind is also guilty. It is a constructive principle that conviction of serious crime should rely on evidence not merely that the defendant caused an detrimental effect to another but rather that his state of mind when so acting was blameworthy. Willingly disregarding an appreciated and unacceptable risk of causing a detrimental effect or a methodical and purposeful ignorant state of mind to such risk would also be considered blame worthy. In contrast it is not distinctively culpable to do something that encompasses the gamble of grievance to another in the event of one authentically not identifying the said gamble. Did the judge’s direction transgress the decision of the jury? It can be debated that since R v Caldwell the case at hand precisely outlines that Lord Diplock’s direction is capable of persuading evident unfairness. The trial judge admitted to the regret of his direction to the jury which transgressed the decision of the jury. The jury may have inferred that persons the same age of the appellants would have understood the risk involved however this was not their decision. However the jury thought it unfair to convict them. It is not considered moral or just to convict a defendant s a result of what another may have understood if the defendant had no such understanding himself. Was the interpretation of â€Å"recklessly† wrong? In section 1 of the Act, it was shown that the interpretation of â€Å"recklessly† to have been misleading. Had the misinterpretation not conflicted with any principle or had not intensified an injustice; the misinterpretation would not have had any impact, however it resulted in the opposite. Thus it is vital for the correction of the misinterpretation of â€Å"recklessly†. Losing Argument: Should the rule in R v Caldwell be modified? The modification would defy the principle that conviction depends on the mens rea of the defendant. If the principle was modified to accommodate children on the grounds of naivety it would be uncharacteristic if no modification was made to include the mentally handicapped on the grounds of their narrow ability of perception. Implementing modifications of this classification will encourage challenging and controversial debate with regard to the qualities and characteristics plausible for comparison. The implementation of this modification will replace one misinterpretation for another. Were the appellants reckless? A person is said to be reckless if knowing that there is a risk that an event may occur as a consequence of their conduct as defined by The Merriam Webster dictionary . A defendant is only considered to have acted recklessly by the advantage of their failure to give any thought to the risk or property damage that may have been apparent had they given any thought to the matter. Determining if a risk would have been apparent to the defendant is very unpredictable. The tribunal of fact should not acknowledge the defendant’s proclamation that it never occurred to them that there was risk of property damage providing that the conditions, prospects, and evidence point that the thought process must have crossed their mind. Obiter Dicta’ The meaning of â€Å"maliciously† It is understood by the court that use of the term ‘maliciously’ requires proof of intension. Malice necessitates an authentic objective to do a precise kind of destruction. The court accepts that â€Å"maliciously† introduces consciousness that an act may have the consequence of causing substantial impairment to some other person despite if the impa irment foreseen was reasonably minimal. How to cite Regina V. G and Another Case Brief, Essay examples

William Family According Genogram Provided â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The William Family According Genogram Provided? Answer: Introducation The structure of the William family according to the genogram provided above is explained here. Hannah Williams and Steven Williams are married to each other for 3 years since 2014. Before Steven, Hannah was married to Barry but their relationship ended followed by divorce. Billy 5 years old is the only son of Hannah and Barry and shares their joint custody. Recently, Hannah gave birth to a premature girl child conceived with Steven. Barry is in relationship with Jane and lives with Emily and Ronan, children of Jane from her previous relationship. Hannahs mother Marion lives with her and Hannahs father Sam lives with his new wife Ariel in Philippines. Stevens father, Henry died on last year, 2016. Henry was married to Mavis on 1978. According to The Australian Family Strengths Nursing Assessment Guide (AFSNAG), the two strengths that were found in the William family were sharing activities in order to support each other and acceptance of the situation (Gbur, 2013). These guides help the families to identify and develop their subsequent strengths to bring out positive changes in family functioning. These strengths were observed by the nurses by watching their behaviour or by asking questions to them. One of the strength in the William family was sharing the activities. This strength was evident from the behaviour of Steven as Hannah recently gave birth to a premature baby and she required some time to recover from the caesarean delivery. Therefore in order to provide a healthy orientation he planned to take his family to the local golf club for lunch because that would help them to meet new people as due to commitments in work place and moving to a new place they hardly met new friends. But he was bit concerned a bout the financial management in the coming six months as due to Hannahs pregnancy they hired a paid manager to look after her boutique business and thus he wanted Hannah to get back to her work as soon as possible. When Steven was asked about handling the crying baby in the morning, he replied that he got golf rounds in the morning and Hannah was accustomed to sort this problem as she experienced it earlier when her son Billy was a baby. Although he planned to help her in cooking after getting back home. The second strength was the acceptance of not resuming back into their sexual relationship. He anticipated the decision of not involving into any sexual relationship at that very moment as Hannah underwent a caesarean delivery recently. He believed that they will resume back to their sexual relationship within two week and things will be normalised. He even added up to the fact that as her wife was on leave from work, she would be able to take proper rest and relaxed. This would he lp them to get back to their normal sexual relationship. Nursing Care of the Family: Planning, Implementing and Evaluating The two challenges or issues faced by the William family were breastfeeding and transition to parenthood. The first issue is breastfeeding faced by both the baby and the mother. Several challenges are faced by the mother while breastfeeding (Rollins et al., 2016). The most common is latching the baby properly and improper latching leads to sore nipples in mother and insufficient milk to the baby (Holmes, 2013). Pinching pain in the nipple area if persists after four days implies improper latching of the baby. Another issue is the formation of tender lump in the breast area which suggests that the duct that connects the glands producing milk to the nipple is clogged. The concerned issue in case of Hannah in this study was taking extra help to breastfeed her baby as she underwent a caesarean delivery and needed time to recover her heal. It takes longer time for the milk to secrete in caesarean cases with problem in latching due to improper position of the other (Dahl, 2015). Postoperat ive pain is common in this cases which challenges the mothers from enjoying the first few days of motherhood. One of the issues faced in breastfeeding is the improper latching of the baby that can lead to soreness of the nipple and insufficient intake of the milk by the baby (Kent et al., 2015). Providing proper nursing management can solve the problem. The nurse in charge should recommend the mother to position her body properly in a relaxed state as this helps better flow of milk. A proper nursing station should be provided with a comforting chair having sufficient pillows to support and a peaceful environment. Secondly, the position of the baby should be maintained by holding the baby under the arm and closer to breast by supporting the babys neck with hand. In case of mother lying sideways, the baby should face towards the breast keeping the mouth at the nipple level. Then cupping the breast with fingers along with palm below and on top with thumb should be done. It should be ascertained that the baby sucks the milk from the areola inspite of the nipple. In order to avoid painful feeding from the breast, babys gum should grab a radius of one inch surrounding the nipple at the time of latching. Compressing the areola region of the breast successfully provides sufficient milk to the baby as the sinuses for milk are situated below the areola of the breasts (Simpson, 2017). One of the interventions related to successful breastfeeding in nursing health care is by supporting the mothers to breastfeed their babies (Renfrew et al., 2012). The initiation of the breastfeeding starts with proper skin contact between the mother and the baby. The encouragement of having unhurried contact of the mothers skin to their babies immediately after birth is one of the possible strategies. During this procedure, the physiological along with the emotional benefits about the skin contact should be made aware to the mothers. Making direct contact ok skin makes both the mother and the newborn baby calm by keeping the baby warm. The breathing rate and the heart rate are stabilised with facilitating increased hormonal release that initiates a new bond in the mother with the baby. The first breastfeeding starts immediately after the baby is born by initiating skin contact (Moore et al., 2012). With this procedure, both the mother and the newborn baby get alert towards each othe r. In some cases the baby develops an attachment with the breast with any assistance. During the first breastfeeding time, the care giver supports the mother in proper positioning of the body and helping in proper attachment. Successful breastfeeding can be obtained in three steps. With proper assistance and support breastfeeding occurs naturally and works fine with 99% mothers with their babies (Guyer, J Millward Berger, 2012). However, when the mother grows surrounding the bottle feeding, certain things about the breastfeeding should be known. Breastfeeding should be started early to starts early milk production so that if the baby is born immature, the mother will have to express breast milk (Meier et al., 2013). Secondly, the mothers should know that breastfeeding should not cause pinching sensation in their nipple or cause pain producing sore nipple. Lastly breastfeeding should be done whenever required in order to comfort the baby and assuring sufficient supply of milk (Beala feld, 2015). Breastfeeding is always surrounded with strong emotions both in the mother and the baby. Thus it is essential to encourage the mothers and the caregivers to understand how the baby can feel while breastfeeding. Both breast feeding and bottle feeding are accomplished by eye contact thereby increasing the emotional bond and intimate sensation between the mother and the infant (Brookes, Harvey Mullany, 2016). Another major challenge in family planning is the transition to parenthood. Mental satisfaction sometimes declines following the birth of a chid due to stresses in looking after the infant (Lutz et al., 2012). Apart from enjoying the parenthood, certain challenges impact the development of the child. Births occurring immediately after marriage play negative impact on the couple relationship leading to separation followed by divorce (Gottman, 2014). According to some research studies it has been found that women become more unsatisfied during the transition of motherhood in comparison to men (Mortensen et al., 2012). Women are found to be more vulnerable towards the challenges of parenthood as the workload increases with giving primary care to the baby along with other household works. Socioeconomic status also affects the women who left their jobs to experience motherhood struggle more in the transition period (Goldenberg Goldenberg, 2012). A little is known about the impact on pare nting due to disturbed sleep. The factor challenge that the couples face is the marital satisfaction such as thoughts about how their partner feels, affection, conflict in prenatal stage and withdrawal. Factors related to child such as child with temperament and always crying challenges the wellbeing in parenthood transition especially in fathers. One of the nursing goal to prevent the challenges in transition to parenthood is the supporting the parents for forming a parental bond with the new born (Cockcroft, 2012). The process through which the parents develop love and acceptance towards the child is called attachment. The bonding should be accomplished immediately by forming close contact with the baby in the few first hours of the birth both from mothers and fathers side (Dermott, 2014). Attachment is established by maintain a close proximity with the infant by whom the parents become acquainted with the baby and starts accepting the baby as the new member of the family. This process develops through positive feedbacks such as through socially, verbally with non verbal responses (Schaffer, 2013). The attachment is perceived by mutuality through the behaviour of the infant eliciting the behaviours of the parents. When the infant expresses signals such as through crying, cooing and sometimes smiling, these initiates the pare nts close to them. Following this behavioural signals other signals such as grasping with postural adjustments also maintains the attachment. Care givers are more attracted towards the infants who are alert and responsive but if the infant becomes irritable, the care givers repel themselves from the attachment process. Among many interventions in transition to parenthood, implementing the role of the parents after the birth of the newborn is one of them. The transition to parenthood is considered as a period of disequilibrium and sometimes a period of satisfaction in the mothers and their partners (Wolkoff, 2014). Some parents, specially the men think their spouse to be their only support and this transition brings a feeling of deprivation when their spouses are unable to provide that support. Emotions like feeling helpless, inadequate and anger when dealing with a crying infant makes many parents not ready to accept the transition. Fathers can undergo interventions in order to improve their relationship with their infants (Alio et al., 2013). Nurses can make arrangements to teach them about the infant care and provide necessary guidance regarding the acceptance of the transition to parenthood. Separate sessions of prenatal along with parenting classes and the groups that provide parenting support for the fathers can give them a chance to discuss about their concerns by meeting some of their demands. Making home visits by the nursing staffs includes assessment time to help adjust the need of the fathers. This intervention can successfully fulfil the gap between the fathers and the infant as they gets less time to spend with their new born baby to meet other demands. The effectiveness of this intervention is to build up a strong communication between the two and thereby granting delights by the response of the infants. It builds a sense of feeling proud and matured with increased self esteem (Liang, 2017). From the following study, it can be said that implementing this strategy towards Steven who recently became father can bring a positive inclination in his parenthood. When the nurse asked him how he would manage if woken up in the morning by the baby, he replied that as he got his golf session his wife would better handle the situation as she had experienced early parenthood . He even confirmed to spend with his family in the weekends if the baby does not cry. Interventions with thorough knowledge about parenthood would effectively build a positive response in Steven towards his infant. References: Alio, A. P., Lewis, C. A., Scarborough, K., Harris, K., Fiscella, K. (2013). 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